chap 4- approaches to understand learning Flashcards
who first described classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
what is before conditioning
CS is neutral at this stage. UCS caused UCR
what is during conditioning (acquisition)
CS (originally neutral) is associated with UCS which leads to UCR
what is after conditioning
CR is created which was originally neutral. CS leads to CR. The CR is a response that’s very similar to the UCR
what is important during conditioning
CS must be presented before UCS and there must be multiple/repeated pairings
what is learning b
a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to the environment
What is the neutral stimulus (NS)
the conditioned stimulus before it becomes conditioned, it produces no relevant response
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus is neutral at start of conditioning. It wouldn’t normally produce the UCR but does so eventually because of its association with the UCS
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
any stimulus that consistently produced a particular involuntary/reflexive response
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)
a response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented
What is the conditioned response (CR)
the behaviors which is identical to the UCR but is caused by the CS after conditioning.
What is extinction in classical conditioning
when UCS is no longer presented along with the CS, eventually CS becomes weaker and weaker, CR stops
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning
extinction has occurred. a rest period takes place. when CS is reintroduced the CR again appears. CR is weaker than when first conditioned
what is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning
the organism only responded to the CS and no other similar stimuli.
what is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning
the organism only responds to the CS and no other similar stimuli
what is operant conditioning
a learning process by which the likelihood of a particular behavior occurring is determined by the consequences of that behavior.
during operant conditioning when is behavior strengthened
When behavior is followed by a pleasant outcome it makes it more likely to be repeated
during operant conditioning when is behavior weakened
when behavior is followed by an unpleasant outcome it makes it less likely to be repeated
what is the theory of operant conditioning
behavior operates on the environment and our behavior is instrumental in producing the consequences- rewards/punishments
What are the ABC’s of operant conditioning
antecedent, behavior, consequence
What is the antecedent
the conditions that increase the likelihood of a response occurring
what is the behaviour
the response executed by the learner
what is the consequence
the reinforcement or punishment delivered
What is reinforcement
any stimulus that subsequently strengthens or increases the likelihood of the response that is follows
what is positive reinforcement
strengthens response by adding something good
what is negative reinforcement
strengthens response by taking away something bad
what is positive punishment
the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus following an undesirable response
what is negative punishment
the removal of a pleasant stimulus following an undesirable response.
what factors affect reinforcement
order of presentation, timing, appropriateness of reinforcer
what is observational learning often called
modelling
what does observational learning occur
when someone uses observation of another persons actions and their consequences to guide their future action
what is vicarious reinforcement
viewing a model as being reinforced can strengthen behavior in an observer
what is vicarious punishment
viewing a model as being punished can weaken a behavior in an observer
name the elements of observational learning
1- attention
2- retention
3- reproduction
4- motivation and reinforcement
is there a single aboriginal or torres strait islander approach to learning
no
what is country to aboriginal or torres strait islander peoples
a word that holds many different meanings. but some concepts that are shared: country is alive, timeless, us.
what is reciprocity
about mutual respect and exchange and keeping balance
what is first nations peoples relationships with country grounded in
reciprocity
what do kinship structures determine
who can hold particular knowledges and peoples responsibility to care for country
what is dadirri
deep listening. the practice of still awareness
what is yarning
sharing knowledge between people.
explain attention in observational learning
notice the behaviour of the model
explain retention in observational learning
form a mental representation of the behaviour
explain reproduction in observational learning
having the ability to reproduce the modelled response, this may be restricted by physical limitations or belief in the ability to imitate the behaviour
explain motivation and reinforcement in observational learning
want to initiate the behaviour, usually because there is some reward for doing so
