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Psychology 3/4 > chap 1- scientific research methods > Flashcards

chap 1- scientific research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a variable

A

any factor, subject to change, that can be measured

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2
Q

What are research methods

A

the systematic procedures we use planning research, gathering and interpreting data and reporting research findings

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3
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the variable that’s manipulated by experimenter, said to cause the results

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4
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

variable being observed/measured in the experimental situation to see affect of IV

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5
Q

What is the operational variable

A

states how the variables will be observed, manipulated and measured

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6
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

broad general prediction about whether the IV will affect the DV

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7
Q

what is true value

A

the value that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly

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8
Q

what is accuracy

A

the closeness of a measurement to the true value

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9
Q

what is precision

A

how close a set of measurements are to each other

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10
Q

what is repeatability

A

when a test is carried out under the same conditions and the results matched

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11
Q

what is reproducibility

A

when a test produces similar results under changed or different conditions

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12
Q

internal validity

A

when the test carried out measures what it intends to measure

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13
Q

external validity

A

when the results of a study can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting.

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14
Q

What is an extraneous variable

A

unwanted variable other than the IV which may influence DV.

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15
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

variable other than the IV that has an unwanted affect on the DV. make it impossible to determine which of the variables has produced a change in the DV

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16
Q

What are individual participant differences

A

people in different groups of the experiment are different from one another on important characteristics meaning the groups aren’t equal

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17
Q

What is the boredom effect

A

doing a task a 2nd time and performing worse than the 1st time cause you’ve done it before

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18
Q

What is the practice effect

A

doing a task a 2nd time and performing better than the 1st time cause you’ve done it before

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19
Q

what is the experimenter effect

A

the expectations of the experimenter influence the participants results

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20
Q

What is the placebo effect

A

change in results cause treatment has been given.

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21
Q

how is the placebo affect controlled

A

single blind procedure

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22
Q

how is the experimenter effect controlled

A

double blind procedure

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23
Q

What is a single blind procedure

A

participants do not know if they are in the control or experimental group

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24
Q

What is a double blind procedure

A

neither participants nor the researcher know who is in the control or experimental group.

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25
Q

what is the population

A

group that researcher wants to find out about

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26
Q

what is the sample

A

the participants that supply the data that represents the population

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27
Q

What is a random sample

A

every member of population has equal chance of selection

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28
Q

strengths/weaknesses of random sample

A

strength- representative sample
weaknesses- difficult to achieve

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29
Q

What is stratified random sampling

A

dividing population into categories and selecting in proportions equivalent to population

30
Q

strengths and weaknesses of stratified random sampling

A

strength- eliminates effect of the variable on which the sample is stratified
weaknesses- time consuming and expensive

31
Q

What is convenience sampling

A

picking whoever is available at the time

32
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of convenience sampling

A

strength- quick, easy, cheap
weaknesses- bias in sample

33
Q

What is random allocation

A

procedure for assigning participants to either the experimental or control group in an experiment, ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of being allocated to either group.

34
Q

what is qualitative data

A

descriptive data expressed in words/images

35
Q

what is quantitative data

A

measurable data expressed in scores/numbers

36
Q

what is correlation study

A

non-experimental study to investigate relationships between variables. variables aren’t controlled or manipulated, they are observed/measured.

37
Q

what is positive correlation

A

as one variable increases, so does the other

38
Q

what is negative correlation

A

as one variable increases, the other decreases

39
Q

what is a case study

A

study of all aspects of a single participant, group or event, usually undertaken to gain insight into a particular psychological phenomenon.

40
Q

what is fieldwork

A

watching and recording the behaviour of people/animals within a specific environment & drawing conclusions based on the recorded observations.

41
Q

What is the observer effect

A

changes in participants behavior caused by their awareness of the presence of the observer.

42
Q

What is observer bias

A

change of results when observer sees wat they expect to see, or records only selected details of an observed behaviour.

43
Q

advantages of observer bias

A

sees natural behavior, effects on environment, observable, allows research that could be unethical.

44
Q

disadvantages of observer bias

A

no informed consent, difficult to determine causality, prone to experimenter bias

45
Q

what are self reports

A

individuals are asked to express their attitudes or report their own behaviors by answering questions

46
Q

advantages of self reports

A

efficient in collecting large amounts of data, anonymity could enable sensitive questions to be asked, often easy to collate/summarize data

47
Q

disadvantages of self reports

A

people could answer dishonesty, lack of control makes it hard to compare participants

48
Q

what is classification and identification

A

processes used to organize phenomena into categories and identify examples o that categorization

49
Q

what is modelling and simulation

A

creating a representation of an event, process or system of concepts

50
Q

what is product, process or system development

A

design or evaluation of a process, system or artifact to meet a human need.

51
Q

what are literature reviews

A

a report produced by reading scientific research on a particular area and summarizing it

52
Q

What is variability

A

a single number describing the degree to which scores in a distribution are spread out or clustered together

53
Q

what is range

A

difference between highest and lowest scores

54
Q

what is standard deviation

A

average distance of a set of scores from the mean

55
Q

what are inferential statistics

A

enable the researcher to make inferences or draw conclusions from data. tell us whether our results are meaningful

56
Q

what are conclusions

A

statements about what the results mean

57
Q

what are generalizations

A

statements that describe the extent to which the results based on the sample relate to the wider population

58
Q

what is research merit

A

clear benefits from the research

59
Q

what are ethical principles and professional conduct

A

standards that must be applied to research

60
Q

what is integrity

A

honest reporting of results, whether favorable or not

61
Q

what is respect for persons

A

regarding welfare, rights, beliefs, perceptions, customs and cultural heritage of all individuals involved in the research

62
Q

What is beneficence

A

maximize the benefits, minimize risks

63
Q

what is justice

A

fair distribution of benefits and burdens within the population of research interest or for any participant in the research

64
Q

what is confidentiality

A

anonymous data. participants may demand that data be destroyed after debriefing

65
Q

what is voluntary participation

A

the right to refuse to participate in a study voluntarily without pressure

66
Q

what are withdrawal rights

A

participants can withdraw from a study at any time regardless of the effect on the results. also can withdraw results after study

67
Q

what is informed consent

A

participants should be given info about the study and their rights before agreeing to become involved. parents must consent for children

68
Q

what is deception in research

A

participants shouldn’t be deliberately misled without strong justification, and if done they must be debriefed after

69
Q

what is debriefing

A

participants are provided with all the info about the study. any deception about intent of study must be corrected. any negative effects must be reversed

70
Q

what is access to results

A

the right to a copy of any document published by the researcher. must be made clear to participants during informed consent procedure

Psychology 3/4 (22 decks)

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