CHAP 4 Cognition, Consciousness, and Language

Question 1

Information Processing Model states that:

Answer 1

The brain encodes, stores and retrieves information.

Question 2

What can influence Cognitive development?

Answer 2

Maturation
Culture
Genes
Environment

Question 3

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

Answer 3

Sensorimotor
Pre operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Question 4

Sensorimotor stage focuses:

Answer 4

Manipulating the environment to meet physical need through circular reactions. Object permanence ends in this stage.

Question 5

Pre operational Stage focuses:

Answer 5

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration.

Question 6

Concrete operational stage focuses:

Answer 6

understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects.

Question 7

Formal operational stage focuses:

Answer 7

Abstract thought and problem solving.

Question 8

Biological factors that can affect cognition include:

Answer 8

Brain Disorder
Genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements and drug use

Question 9

Mental set is?

Answer 9

Pattern of approach for a given problem, an inappropriate mental set may negatively impact problem solving.

Question 10

Functional Fixedness is?

Answer 10

the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem solving.

Question 11

Types of Problem Solving

Answer 11

-Trial and Error
-Algorithms
-Deductive Reasoning (from general rules)
-Inductive Reasoning (from evidence)

Question 12

Heuristics

Answer 12

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

Question 13

Biases

Answer 13

exist when experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

Question 14

Intuition

Answer 14

Gut feeling

Question 15

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 15

proposes 7 areas of intelligence including:
-lingustics
-logical mathematical
-musical
-visual-spatial
-bodily-kinesthetic
-interpersonal
-intrapersonal

Question 16

States of Consciousness Include:

Answer 16

• alertness
• sleep
• dreaming
• altered states of consciousness

Question 17

Alertness:

Answer 17

state of being awake, able to think, perceive, process and express information. Beta and Alpha waves predominate EEG

Question 18

Sleep has how many stages and what are they?

Answer 18

5 sleep stages
Stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM

Question 19

Sleep Stage 1

Answer 19

-light sleep
-theta waves

Question 20

Sleep Stage 2

Answer 20

-slightly deeper sleep
-theta waves
-sleep spindles
- k complexes

Question 21

Sleep Stage 3 & 4

Answer 21

• deep (sws) slow wave sleep
  -delta waves dominate EEG
  -sws dreaming focus on declarative memories

Question 22

Sleep Stage REM

Answer 22

-Sometimes called paradoxical sleep
-mind appears to be awake on EEG
-eye and body paralysis occurs
-REM focuses on consolidating procedural memories.

Question 23

Sleep Cycle last how long?

Answer 23

90 minutes in adults

Question 24

What can trigger the release of melatonin by the pineal gland and can result in what?

Answer 24

Light and sleepiness

Question 25

What rises in the morning to promote wakefulness?

Answer 25

Cortisol

Question 26

How long are Circadian Rhythm usually?

Answer 26

24hrs

Question 27

when does most dreaming occur?

Answer 27

REM Stage

Question 28

Sleep wake disorders:

Answer 28

dyssomnias such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea and sleep deprivation and parasomnias sucha s night terrors and sleep walking