CHAP 12 Social Stratifications Flashcards
social stratification is based on….
socioeconomic status (SES)
socioeconomic status depends on…
ascribes status and achieved status
ascribed status
involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristic, such as age, gender, and skin color.
achieved status
is acquired through direct, individual efforts.
social class
is category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics (upper, middle, lower) these groups have similar lifestyles, job, opportunities, attitudes and behaviors.
prestige
is the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations
power
is the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. it often depends on the unequal distribution of valued resources. Power differentials create social inequality
anomie
is the state of normlessness, Anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality and isolation.
social capital
is the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. Social networks, either situational or positional, are one of the most powerful forms of social capital and can be achieved through establishing strong and weak social ties.
meritocracy
refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement.
social mobility
allows one to acquire higher level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience. social mobility can either occur un positive upward direction or a negative downward direction depending in whether one is promoted or demoted in status.
Poverty
is socioeconomic condition. In the US, the poverty line is determined by the governments calculation of the minimal income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.
social reproduction
refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, form one generation to the next.
absolute poverty
is when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities such as shelter food, clothing and water.
relative poverty
is when one is poor in comparison to a larger population
social exclusion
sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society
spatial inequality
form of social stratification across territories and their populations and can occur along residential environmental and global lines.
urban areas tend to…
have more diverse economic opportunities and more for social mobility than rural areas. Urban areas also tend to have more low income racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods than rural areas.
formation of higher income suburbs is ….
common occurrence and is due in part to the limited mobility of lower income groups in urban areas
Environmental injustice
refers to uneven distribution of environmental hazards in neighborhoods.
globalization
has led to further inequalities in space food and water, energy, housing and education as the productions of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. this had led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations.
incidence
the # of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time ex: 1000 at risk people per year
prevalence
the # of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time ex: cases 1000 people per year
morbidity
is the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
