Chap 3 Learning and Memory Flashcards
What is habituation?
The process of becoming used to a stimulus.
Dishabituation occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus.
What is associative learning?
A way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences.
In classical conditioning, what is paired with a neutral stimulus?
An unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response.
What does the neutral stimulus become after repetition in classical conditioning?
A conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.
How does operant conditioning change behavior?
Through the use of consequences.
What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?
Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
What effect does punishment have on behavior?
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
What affects the rate at which behavior is performed in operant conditioning?
The schedule of reinforcement.
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
Based on a ratio of behavior to reward or on an amount of time.
Which type of behavior is the hardest to extinguish?
Behaviors learned through variable-ratio schedules.
What is observational learning also known as?
Modeling.
What is encoding in memory?
The process of putting new information into memory.
What are the two types of encoding?
Automatic and effortful.
Which type of encoding is stronger: semantic, acoustic, or visual?
Semantic encoding.
What are sensory and short-term memory based on?
Neurotransmitter activity.
What does working memory require?
Short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information.
What is required for long-term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal and increased neuronal connectivity.
What does explicit (declarative) memory store?
Facts and stories.
What does implicit (nondeclarative) memory store?
Skills and conditioning effects.
How are facts stored in memory?
Via semantic networks.
What is stronger: recognition of information or recall?
Recognition of information.
How is retrieval of information often based?
On priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network.
Memories can be lost via?
disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome. or agnosia; decay; or interference
Memories are subjective to?
influence by outside information and mood both at the time of encoding and at recall.
