Chap 3 Learning and Memory

Question 1

What is habituation?

Answer 1

The process of becoming used to a stimulus.

Dishabituation occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus.

Question 2

What is associative learning?

Answer 2

A way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences.

Question 3

In classical conditioning, what is paired with a neutral stimulus?

Answer 3

An unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response.

Question 4

What does the neutral stimulus become after repetition in classical conditioning?

Answer 4

A conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.

Question 5

How does operant conditioning change behavior?

Answer 5

Through the use of consequences.

Question 6

What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?

Answer 6

Increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 7

What effect does punishment have on behavior?

Answer 7

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 8

What affects the rate at which behavior is performed in operant conditioning?

Answer 8

The schedule of reinforcement.

Question 9

What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 9

Based on a ratio of behavior to reward or on an amount of time.

Question 10

Which type of behavior is the hardest to extinguish?

Answer 10

Behaviors learned through variable-ratio schedules.

Question 11

What is observational learning also known as?

Answer 11

Modeling.

Question 12

What is encoding in memory?

Answer 12

The process of putting new information into memory.

Question 13

What are the two types of encoding?

Answer 13

Automatic and effortful.

Question 14

Which type of encoding is stronger: semantic, acoustic, or visual?

Answer 14

Semantic encoding.

Question 15

What are sensory and short-term memory based on?

Answer 15

Neurotransmitter activity.

Question 16

What does working memory require?

Answer 16

Short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information.

Question 17

What is required for long-term memory?

Answer 17

Elaborative rehearsal and increased neuronal connectivity.

Question 18

What does explicit (declarative) memory store?

Answer 18

Facts and stories.

Question 19

What does implicit (nondeclarative) memory store?

Answer 19

Skills and conditioning effects.

Question 20

How are facts stored in memory?

Answer 20

Via semantic networks.

Question 21

What is stronger: recognition of information or recall?

Answer 21

Recognition of information.

Question 22

How is retrieval of information often based?

Answer 22

On priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network.

Question 23

Memories can be lost via?

Answer 23

disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome. or agnosia; decay; or interference

Question 24

Memories are subjective to?

Answer 24

influence by outside information and mood both at the time of encoding and at recall.

Question 25

Both Learning and memory rely on?

Answer 25

changes in brain chemistry and physiology and neuroplasticity which can decrease with age.

Question 26

What is responsible for conversion of short term memory to long term memory?

Answer 26

Long Term Potentiation (strengthening neural connection resulting from increased neurotransmitter releaser and adding of receptor sites