chap 23 Flashcards
Red Shirts
The army of southern Italy led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. It fought via guerrilla style warfare and invaded Sicily in 1860, winning over the Sicilian peasantry.
Homestead Act
An law enacted in 1862 during the United States Civil War that gave new, western land like the Utah territory to settlers. This reintroduced the idea of free labor in a market economy.
Crimean War
A war fought between 1853 and 1856. It was sparked due to Russian desire to expand into Ottoman land. Other nations like France and Great Britain saw this as Russian aggression and teamed up alongside the Ottomans to defeat the Russians. This loss led to a realization on behalf of the Russians that they needed to modernize.
Bloody Sunday
The name of a massacre that occurred when the Tsar ordered for peaceful protestors at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905 to be taken out. This triggered a Russian revolution against the Tsar and turned the nation into a conservative constitutional monarchy.
October Manifesto
A manifesto issued by the Tsar as a result of a general strike in 1905. It was essentially a Russian decree that granted civil rights and promised a popularly elected parliament (called Duma) with real legislative power.
Duma
The Russian parliament that was created via the October Manifesto in 1906. It was elected indirectly by universal male suffrage, but after 1907 the Tsar took control of it.
Tanzimat
A set of reforms launched in 1839 Ottoman Empire that aimed to make the Ottoman Empire more like a European model.
Young Turks
A term today synonymous with fervent patriots. It originated as a term for the patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup against the conservative sultan.
Reichstag
The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.
Kulturkampf
Otto Von Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878. This resulted in the pope, Pius IX, declaring papal infallibility.
German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
A German working class political party founded in 1870 that praised Marxism. However, it turned away from a Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament.
Dreyfus Affair
A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-semites against Dreyfus. After he was declared innocent, the French government destroyed all ties between church and state.
People’s Budget
A bill proposed after the liberal party came to power in Britain in 1906. It was created to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.
Zionism
A movement started by Theodor Herzl that was dedicated towards building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
Revisionism
An effort by various socialist to update Marx’s doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.
