Chap 20

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

term coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late 1700s

Question 2

spinning jenny

Answer 2

simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765

Question 3

water frame

Answer 3

a spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; required a factory

Question 4

steam engine

Answer 4

invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, to operate a pump; early models superseded by James Watt’s more efficient model in 1769

Question 5

The Rocket

Answer 5

name given to George Stephenson’s efficient locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 mph

Question 6

Crystal Palace

Answer 6

location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

Question 7

iron law of wages

Answer 7

theory of David Ricardo that population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level

Question 8

tariff protection

Answer 8

government’s way of protecting its economy with high taxes on imported goods; French response to cheaper British goods flooding their country

Question 9

Factory Acts

Answer 9

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

Question 10

separate spheres

Answer 10

gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

Question 11

Mines Act of 1842

Answer 11

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

Question 12

class-consciousness

Answer 12

awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

Question 13

Luddites

Answer 13

group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later smashed machines which they believed were putting them out of work

Question 14

Combination Acts

Answer 14

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favored capitalist businessmen over artisans; bitterly resented and ignored by craft guilds; repealed by Parliament in 1824