Changes In Environments Exam Qs Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

When insulin binds to receptors on liver cells, it leads to the formation of glycogen from
glucose. This lowers the concentration of glucose in liver cells.
Explain how the formation of glycogen in liver cells leads to a lowering of blood
glucose concentration. (3 marks)

A
  1. Glucose concentration in cell / liver falls below that in blood (plasma) which creates / maintains glucose concentration / diffusion gradient;
  2. Glucose enters cell / leaves blood by facilitated diffusion / via carrier(protein) / channel (protein);
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adrenaline binds to receptors in the plasma membranes of liver cells. Explain
how this causes the blood glucose concentration to increase.

A
  1. Adenylate cyclase activated / cAMP produced / second messenger produced;
  2. Activates enzyme(s) (in cell so) glycogenolysis / gluconeogenesis occurs / glycogenesis inhibited;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adrenaline binds to receptors in the plasma membranes of liver cells. Explain
how this causes the blood glucose concentration to increase. (2 marks)

A
  1. Adenylate cyclase activated / cAMP produced / second messenger produced;
  2. Activates enzyme(s) (in cell so) glycogenolysis / gluconeogenesis occurs / glycogenesis inhibited;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that involves damage to the myelin sheaths of neurones.
Movement in MS sufferers may be jerky or slow.
(a) Damage to the myelin sheaths of neurones can lead to problems controlling the contraction of muscles.
Suggest one reason why.

A
  1. Action potentials travel more slowly / don’t travel;
  2. So delay in muscle contraction / muscles don’t contract / muscles
    contract slow(er);
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cannabinoids are hydrophobic molecules. In the body, they easily pass into neurones.
Explain why.

A

Lipid-soluble / pass through phospholipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cannabinoid receptors are found in the pre-synaptic membrane of neuromuscular
junctions. When a cannabinoid binds to its receptor, it closes calcium ion channels.
Suggest how cannabinoids could prevent muscle contraction.

A
  1. Prevents influx of calcium ions (into pre-synaptic membrane);
  2. (Synaptic) vesicles don’t fuse with membrane / vesicles don’t release neurotransmitter;
  3. Neurotransmitter does not diffuse across synapse / does not bind to
    receptors (on post-synaptic membrane);
  4. No action potential / depolarisation (of post-synaptic membrane) /
    sodium (ion) channels do not open / prevents influx of sodium ions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A myelinated axon conducts impulses faster than a non-myelinated axon.
Explain this difference. (3 marks)

A
  1. (In myelinated) action potential / depolarisation only at node(s);
  2. (In myelinated, nerve impulse) jumps from node to node / saltatory;
  3. (In myelinated) action potential / impulse does not travel along whole length;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter released in some synapses in the brain. It is transported
back out of the synaptic gap by a transport protein in the pre-synaptic membrane.
(a) Serotonin diffuses across the synaptic gap and binds to a receptor on the post-synaptic membrane.
Describe how this causes depolarisation of the post-synaptic membrane. (2 marks)

A
  1. Causes sodium ion channels to open;

2. Sodium ions enter (cell and cause depolarisation);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It is important that a neurotransmitter such as serotonin is transported back out of
synapses. Explain why. (2 marks)

A
  1. (If not removed) keeps binding (to receptors);
    Accept answers based on what happens if it
  2. Keeps causing action potentials / depolarisation (in post-synaptic membrane);
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

.Osmoreceptors are specialised cells that respond to changes in the water potential of the
blood.
(a) Give the location of osmoreceptors in the body of a mammal. (1 mark)

A

Hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When a person is dehydrated, the cell volume of an osmoreceptor decreases.
Explain why. (2 marks)

A
  1. Water potential of blood will decrease;

2. Water moves from osmoreceptor into blood by osmosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stimulation of osmoreceptors can lead to secretion of the hormone ADH. Describe
and explain how the secretion of ADH affects urine produced by the kidneys. (4 marks)

A
  1. Permeability of membrane / cells (to water) is increased;
  2. More water absorbed from / leaves distal tubule / collecting duct;
  3. Smaller volume of urine;
  4. Urine becomes more concentrated.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine found in muscle tissues. Apart from
age and gender, give two factors that could affect the concentration of creatinine in
the blood. (2 marks)

A

Muscle / body mass
Ethnicity
Exercise
Kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. In a mammal, urea is removed from the blood by the kidneys and concentrated in the filtrate.
    (a) Describe how urea is removed from the blood (2 marks)
A

Hydrostatic pressure / description of pressure / description of how pressure generated;

Causes ultrafiltration at Bowman’s capsule /
glomeruli / renal capsule;
Through basement membrane;
Enabled by small size urea molecule;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain how urea is concentrated in the filtrate. (3 marks)

A

Reabsorption of water / by osmosis;
At the PCT / descending LoH;
At the DCT / CD;
Active transport of ions / glucose creates gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe how ultrafiltration produces glomerular filtrate. (5 marks)

A
  1. Blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure;
  2. Small molecules / named example;
  3. Pass through basement membrane / basement membrane acts as filter;
  4. Protein too large to go through / large so stays behind;
  5. Presence of pores in capillaries / presence of podocytes;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Some people who have diabetes do not secrete insulin. Explain how a lack of insulin affects reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys of a person who does not secrete insulin. (4 marks)

A
  1. High concentration of glucose in blood;
  2. High concentration in tubule / in filtrate;
  3. Reabsorbed by facilitated diffusion / active transport;
  4. Requires proteins / carriers;
  5. These are working at maximum rate / are saturated;
  6. Not all glucose is reabsorbed / some is lost in urine;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
Some desert mammals have long loops of Henle and secrete large amounts of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Explain how these two features are adaptations to living
in desert conditions. (6 marks)
A
  1. More water (from filtrate) reabsorbed / returned to blood / less lost in
    urine;
  2. By osmosis;
  3. From collecting duct / from end of second convoluted tubule;
  4. Due to longer loop of Henle;
    For loop of Henle, maximum 2 marks:
  5. Sodium / chloride ions absorbed from filtrate in ascending limb;
  6. Gradient established in medulla / concentration of ions increases down
    medulla; For ADH, maximum 2 marks:
  7. Acts on collecting duct / distal convoluted tubule / second convoluted tubule;
  8. Makes cells more permeable / inserts aquaporins in plasma membranes;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A diabetic person and a non-diabetic person each ate the same amount of glucose.
One hour later, the glucose concentration in the blood of the diabetic person was
higher than that of the non-diabetic person. Explain why. (3 marks)

A
  1. Lack of insulin / reduced sensitivity of cells to insulin;
  2. Reduced uptake of glucose by cells / liver / muscles;
  3. Reduced conversion of glucose to glycogen;
20
Q

The urine of a non-diabetic person does not contain glucose. Explain why. (2 marks)

A

Leaves the blood at kidney;

Taken back into blood / reabsorbed (from kidney tubule);

21
Q

A high blood glucose concentration could cause glucose to be present in the
urine of a diabetic person. Suggest how. (2 marks)

A

Large amount / high concentration of glucose in filtrate;
Cannot all be reabsorbed / 1st convoluted tube too short to reabsorb
all of glucose / saturation of carriers;

22
Q

A test for glucose in urine uses immobilised enzymes on a plastic test strip. One of these enzymes is glucose oxidase. Explain why the test strip detects glucose and no other substance. (2 marks)

A

Enzyme has specific shape to active site / active site has specific tertiary
structure;
Only glucose fits / has complementary structure / can form ES complex;

23
Q

If the glomerular filtrate of a diabetic person contains a high concentration of glucose, he produces a larger volume of urine. Explain why. (3 marks)

A

Glucose in filtrate lowers water potential;
Lower Ψ gradient / less difference in Ψ filtrate − Ψ plasma;
Less water reabsorbed by osmosis;

24
Q

In some forms of kidney disease, proteins from the blood plasma are found in the
urine. Which part of the nephron would have been damaged by the disease to cause
proteins from blood plasma to be present in the urine? Explain your answer. (3 marks)

A
  1. Glomerulus / Bowman’s capsule / renal capsule;
  2. Basement membrane;
  3. Proteins are large (molecules) / proteins cannot normally pass through filter / proteins can only pass through if filter damaged;
25
Q

The kangaroo rat is a small desert mammal. It takes in very little water in its food and it
rarely drinks. Its core body temperature is 38 °C.
The kangaroo rat takes in some water by feeding and drinking. Describe another method
by which the kangaroo rat could obtain water. (2 marks)

A

metabolic water / from respiration;

aerobic / use of oxygen;

26
Q

Scientists investigated the control of blood glucose concentration in mice. They kept a group
of normal mice without food for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the blood glucose concentrations
of the mice were the same as at the start of the experiment.
(a) Explain how the normal mice prevented their blood glucose concentration falling
when they had not eaten for 48 hours.

A
  1. Release of glucagon;
  2. Leads to formation of glucose in liver (cells);
  3. From non-carbohydrates / amino acids / fatty acids.
27
Q

In humans, when the stomach starts to become full of food, receptors in the wall of
the stomach are stimulated. This leads to negative feedback on the desire to eat.
Suggest why this negative feedback is important.
(3 marks)

A
  1. (Negative feedback) stops desire / wish to eat / appetite;
  2. (This) limits amount eaten / stops eating;
  3. Prevents / reduces risk of obesity / too much energy intake;
28
Q

Different substances are involved in coordinating responses in animals.
(a) Synapses are unidirectional. Explain how acetylcholine contributes to a synapse
being unidirectional. (2 marks)

A
  1. (Acetylcholine) released from / in presynaptic side;

2. Receptors in postsynaptic (side) / binds on postsynaptic (side);

29
Q

Diabetic people who do not control their blood glucose concentration may become
unconscious and go into a coma. A doctor may inject a diabetic person who is in a
coma with glucagon. Explain how the glucagon would affect the person’s blood
glucose concentration. (2 marks)

A

Glycogen to glucose / glycogenolysis by activating enzymes;

Gluconeogenesis;

30
Q

The control of water balance in the body involves negative feedback.
(i) Describe what is meant by negative feedback.

A

Where a change triggers a response which reduces the effect of a change;

31
Q

Water is removed from the body via the kidneys. Give two other ways in which
water is removed from the body.

A

e.g. sweating, breathing, defaecating,

32
Q

Name the part of the brain which acts as the coordinator in the control of water
balance

A

hypothalamus;

33
Q

A recessive allele which has harmful effects is able to reach a higher frequency in a population than a harmful dominant allele. Explain how (3 marks)

A

recessive alleles can be carried by individuals without showing effects / dominant allele always expressed;
organism that are carriers more likely to reproduce / affected organism
less likely to reproduce;
therefore recessive alleles are more likely to be passed on / dominant
alleles less likely to be passed on;

34
Q

What is meant by homeostasis? (1 mark)

A

maintaining a constant internal environment;

35
Q

Giving one example, explain why homeostasis is important in mammals. (2 marks)

A

temperature / pH; optimum for enzymes / effect of pH /
temperature on enzyme activity;

water potential / blood glucose;
effect of osmotic / blood glucose imbalance on cells;

36
Q

Cross-channel swimmers may suffer from muscle fatigue during which the
contraction mechanism is disrupted. One factor thought to contribute to muscle
fatigue is a decrease in the availability of calcium ions within muscle fibres. Explain
how a decrease in the availability of calcium ions could disrupt the contraction
mechanism in muscles. (3 marks)

A

cannot interact with / move tropomyosin from binding sites on actin;
(reject active sites)
myosin(heads) do not bind / actinomyosin not formed;
does not activate ATPase / energy not released from ATP;

37
Q

Both slow and fast muscle fibres contain ATPase.

Explain why. (2 marks)

A
  1. Splitting / breakdown / hydrolysis of ATP;
  2. (Muscle) contraction requires energy / ATP;
  3. Use of ATP by myosin.
38
Q

Describe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the contraction of a myofibril. (5 marks)

A
  1. Calcium ions diffuse into myofibrils from (sarcoplasmic) reticulum;
  2. (Calcium ions) cause movement of tropomyosin (on actin);
  3. (This movement causes) exposure of the binding sites on the actin;
  4. Myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin;
  5. Hydrolysis of ATP (on myosin heads) causes myosin heads to bend;
  6. (Bending) pulling actin molecules;
  7. Attachment of a new ATP molecule to each myosin head causes myosin
    heads to detach (from actin sites).
39
Q

ATP is an energy source used in many cell processes. Give two ways in which ATP
is a suitable energy source for cells to use. (2 marks)

A
  1. Releases relatively small amount of energy / little energy lost as heat;
  2. Releases energy instantaneously;
  3. Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive;
  4. Can be rapidly re-synthesised;
  5. Is not lost from / does not leave cells.
40
Q

What is the role of phosphocreatine (PC) in providing energy during muscle contraction? (2 marks)

A
  1. (Phosphocreatine) provides phosphate / phosphorylates;

2. To make ATP;

41
Q

Give one similarity and one difference between a taxis and a tropism. (2 marks)

A
  1. Similarity − directional response (to a stimulus) / movement towards / away from a stimulus;
  2. Difference − taxis (whole) organism moves and tropism a growth
    (response) .
42
Q

Explain how this distribution of IAA causes the root to bend.

A
  1. (IAA) at bottom of root / where IAA concentration high inhibits expansion / elongation (of cells);
  2. (IAA) at top of root / where IAA concentration low leads to expansion / elongation (of cells
43
Q

.Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that involves damage to the myelin sheaths of neurones.
Movement in MS sufferers may be jerky or slow.
(a) Damage to the myelin sheaths of neurones can lead to problems controlling the
contraction of muscles.
Suggest one reason why (2 marks)

A
  1. Action potentials travel more slowly / don’t travel;
  2. So delay in muscle contraction / muscles don’t contract / muscles
    contract slow(er);
44
Q

Cannabinoids are hydrophobic molecules. In the body, they easily pass into
neurones.
Explain why. (1 mark)

A

Lipid-soluble / pass through phospholipid bilayer.

45
Q

Cannabinoids include substances found in cannabis that can enter brain tissue.
Scientists are developing artificial cannabinoids that can enter neuromuscular
junctions but cannot enter brain tissue.
Suggest why these artificial cannabinoids would be better to use than cannabis
when treating someone with MS. (2 marks)

A
  1. They won’t affect synapses in brain;
  2. They won’t cause problems with the brain’s function / won’t damage brain;
  3. (So only the) muscle / neuromuscular junctions treated / affected
46
Q

Describe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the contraction of a myofibril. (5 marks)

A
  1. Calcium ions diffuse into myofibrils from (sarcoplasmic) reticulum;
  2. (Calcium ions) cause movement of tropomyosin (on actin);
  3. (This movement causes) exposure of the binding sites on the actin;
  4. Myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin;
  5. Hydrolysis of ATP (on myosin heads) causes myosin heads to bend;
  6. (Bending) pulling actin molecules;
  7. Attachment of a new ATP molecule to each myosin head causes myosin
    heads to detach (from actin sites).
47
Q

ATP is an energy source used in many cell processes. Give two ways in which ATP
is a suitable energy source for cells to use. (2 marks)

A
  1. Releases relatively small amount of energy / little energy lost as heat;
  2. Releases energy instantaneously;
  3. Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive;
  4. Can be rapidly re-synthesised;
  5. Is not lost from / does not leave cells.