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AQA Geography > Challenge of Natural Hazards (atmospheric) > Flashcards

Challenge of Natural Hazards (atmospheric) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define weather

A

state of atmosphere at a particular place and time
including temperature, humidity and wind speed

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2
Q

Define climate

A

weather conditions prevailing an area in general over a long period

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3
Q

Define insolation

A

amount of solar radiation reaching an area

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4
Q

Define latitude

A

angular distance north or south of the equator in degrees and minutes

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5
Q

Define hazard risk

A

degree of likelihood that harm will be caused by a natural hazard

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6
Q

Define natural hazard

A

natural event that has potential to case harm to people or area

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7
Q

Define economic impact

A

impact that affects wealth of place or income

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8
Q

Define environmental impact

A

impact that affects the natural world

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9
Q

The earth’s atmosphere is in constant….

A

motion

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10
Q

What is the motion of the atmosphere driven by?

A

energy received from the sun

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11
Q

Where is there more energy from the sun?

A

the equator

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12
Q

Where is there less energy from the sun?

A

the poles

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13
Q

Why does insolation vary across the globe?

A

curvature of earth

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14
Q

Explain how convection currents form

A

warm air rises causing low pressure
cold air sinks causing high pressure

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15
Q

How is wind made?

A

air particles move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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16
Q

What are the three types of convection cell that make up the global atmospheric circulation model?

A

polar cell
ferrel cell
hadley cell

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17
Q

What happens to air when it is heated and begins to rise?

A
  1. cools as it moves away from ground
  2. condenses as a result of colder temperatures
  3. clouds are formed and release precipitation
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18
Q

What happens to air when it is cooled and begins to sink?

A
  1. belt of high pressure created
  2. air becomes warmer and drier
  3. a cool, dry climate is created
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19
Q

What is the most important factor affecting climate?

A

latitude

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20
Q

Why is latitude the most important factor affecting climate?

A

the Earth has a curved surface so the equator receives much more compared to polar latitudes

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21
Q

Why does the equator receive a higher insolation?

A

insolation strikes at a right angle so energy is concentrated
strongly heated

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22
Q

What happens to warmer air at the equator?

A

becomes less dense so rises to higher altitudes

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23
Q

Why do the poles typically have cold climates?

A

low insolation received
results in higher pressure
air sinks to ground level and moves to equator

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24
Q

What does the low pressure at the equator and high pressure at the poles create?

A

convection current

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25
Q

Where on the globe is their high air pressure?

A

polar latitudes

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26
Q

Where on the globe is their low air pressure?

A

the equator

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27
Q

What are jet streams?

A

high altitude currents of air

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28
Q

Which direction do jet streams flow in?

A

west to east

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29
Q

Why do jet streams flow west to east?

A

Coriolis effect

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30
Q

Define precipitation

A

moisture that falls from clouds in the sky

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of precipitation at the equator?

A

rainfall is high and constant all year

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32
Q

Why does the equator experience high and constant precipitation?

A

hot air rises and cools quickly so condenses into droplets of convectional rainfall

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of precipitation at the intertropical convergence zone?

A

bursts of torrential rain
tropical storms

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34
Q

Why does the intertropical convergence zone experience bursts of torrential rain and tropical storms?

A

hot air rises and creates area of low air pressure
this triggers precipitation
‘wave’ of low pressure causes high energy tropical storms

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of precipitation in Western Europe?

A

rainfall higher on the coasts
stormy conditions

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36
Q

Why does Western Europe experience rainfall and stormy conditions in coastal areas?

A

frontal
jet stream of Atlantic

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37
Q

What is a frontal climate?

A

where cold air from poles meets hot air from tropics

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38
Q

What are the characteristics of precipitation at the tropics?

A

arid conditions

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39
Q

Why do the tropics experience arid conditions?

A

dry air descends creating a high pressure

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of precipitation at the polar regions?

A

very low precipitation
snow

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41
Q

Why do the polar regions experience low precipitation and snow?

A

cold air has a limited ability to hold water vapour
solid because of cold

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42
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

circulating air is deflected depending on hemisphere

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43
Q

Why does the Coriolis effect deflect wind to the east?

A

earth rotates faster at the equator because it is wider so has further to go in a day

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44
Q

What is a common trait of climate at areas of high air pressure?

A

constant or no precipitation

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45
Q

What is a common trait of climate at areas of low air pressure?

A

torrential rain

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46
Q

Define tropical storm

A

happen in tropical regions with low pressure and strong winds
move in a spiral direction around eye of the storm
winds are powerful
rainfall is heavy

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47
Q

What is the eye of the storm?

A

the calm central area

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48
Q

Where are topical storms found?

A

area of latitude
between equator and tropics

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49
Q

What are characteristics of tropical storms?

A

powerful winds
heavy rainfall
dissipates over land

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50
Q

What is the local name for a tropical storm in the Atlantic Ocean?

A

hurricane

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51
Q

What is the local name for a tropical storm in the Indian Ocean?

A

cyclone

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52
Q

What is the local name for a tropical storm in the Pacific Ocean?

A

typhoon

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53
Q

Why do tropical storms dissipate over land?

A

tropical storms get energy from the sea so when they reach a large land mass they cannot get energy and eventually run out and dissipate

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54
Q

What direction do tropical storms spin in the Northern hemisphere?

A

anti-clockwise

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55
Q

What direction do tropical storms spin in the Southern hemisphere?

A

clockwise

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56
Q

Why does the spin direction of tropical storms change depending on hemisphere?

A

Coriolis effect

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57
Q

How can we categorise tropical storms?

A

Saffir Simpson scale

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58
Q

What does Category 1 mean on the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

74-95 mph wind
main threat to life is flooding
limited damage
unanchored boats and mobile homes

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59
Q

What does Category 2 mean on the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

96-110 mph wind
damage to buildings
roofs, windows, doors
piers
trees

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60
Q

What does Category 3 mean on the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

111-129 mph wind
names for hurricane
storm surge
significant damage

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61
Q

What does Category 4 mean on the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

130-156 mph wind
structural failure
extend inland

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62
Q

What does Category 5 mean on the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

157+ mph wind
storm surge
complete structural failure

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63
Q

How many categories are there in the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

5

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64
Q

What are the causes for tropical storms?

A

ocean depths of 70m
sea temp above 27C
low wind shear
low latitudes
between summer and autumn

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65
Q

How does sea temperature above 27C lead to a tropical storm?

A

provides heat
causes air to rise rapidly
low air pressure created
latent heat powers the storm

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66
Q

How does ocean depths of 70m lead to a tropical storm?

A

provides moisture

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67
Q

How does low wind shear lead to a tropical storm?

A

wind is constant and doesn’t vary with height so allows tropical storms to rise to high levels without being torn apart

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68
Q

How does being at low latitudes lead to a tropical storm?

A

Coriolis effect is strong enough for the storms to spin
temperatures are higher so air and sea is heated quicker so air pressure is low

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69
Q

How does being in between summer and autumn lead to a tropical storm?

A

warmest seasons to encourage warmer air to rise quicker in account of the low pressure

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70
Q

How do tropical storms form?

A
  1. sun’s solar radiation warms oceans in tropics
  2. warms to 27C
  3. warm moist air rises through thermals creating low pressure at centre of storm
  4. air cools as it rises causing condensation
  5. some cooled air sinks to create the eye
  6. air rushes in from higher pressure areas to lower pressure areas which creates storm winds
  7. storm rotates due to earth’s spin
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71
Q

Where does the sun’s solar radiation warm?

A

oceans in the tropics

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72
Q

What temperature does the sea need to be warmed to for tropical storms to form?

A

27

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73
Q

What does the 27 temperature of the sea cause when forming a tropical storm?

A

warm moist air rises through thermals
low pressure created at centre of storm

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74
Q

What happens to the air after is has been heated in the forming of a tropical storm?

A

cools as it rises
condensation
clouds and rain

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75
Q
A
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76
Q

How much does the air cool by as it rises in the forming of a tropical storm?

A

1 degree per 100m

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77
Q

What creates the eye of the storm?

A

some air cools and sinks

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78
Q

What creates storm winds of a tropical storm?

A

air rushes from higher pressure to lower pressure

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79
Q

Why causes tropical storms to rotate?

A

Earth’s spin

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80
Q

How will climate change impact distribution of tropical storms?

A

more areas will experience storms

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81
Q

Why will climate change impact distribution of tropical storms?

A

sea temperature rise in other places

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82
Q

How will climate change impact intensity of tropical storms?

A

significant areas will experience stronger storms

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83
Q

Why will climate change impact intensity of tropical storms?

A

global temperature increase - more energy available as fuel

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84
Q

How will climate change impact frequency of tropical storms?

A

big storms get bigger
smaller storms more common

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85
Q

What does the Saffir Simpson scale measure?

A

intensity of tropical storms

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86
Q

Why will climate change impact frequency of tropical storms?

A

global temperature increase - more energy available

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87
Q

What is a primary effect?

A

initial impact of natural event on people and property caused directly by tropical storm

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88
Q

What is a secondary effect?

A

after effects that occur indirect to impacts of natural event, on a longer timescale

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89
Q

What are some primary effects of tropical storms?

A

injuries/deaths
buildings destroyed
drowning
flooding

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90
Q

What are some secondary effects of tropical storms?

A

food shortage
homelessness
electric supplies cut off
sewage released
contaminated water
aid blocked by debris
unemployment

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91
Q

When do immediate responses occur?

A

before landfall
directly after event

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92
Q

What is a long term response?

A

preparing for future storms
repairing

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93
Q

Give examples of immediate responses

A

evacuation
medical support
shelters
water and food
recover bodies
aid from NGOs

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94
Q

What is a NGO?

A

non governmental organisation

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95
Q

What factors might affect immediate responses?

A

size of area
scale of event
preparation/protection
debris on road

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96
Q

What factors might affect long term responses?

A

density and size of area
knowledge
economy
domestic supplies
transport infrastructure

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97
Q

Give examples of long term responses?

A

rebuilding
rehousing
repairing
improvements
provide grants

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98
Q

What is the monitoring of tropical storms?

A

recording physical change

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99
Q

What is the predicting of tropical storms?

A

forecast when and where based on current knowledge

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100
Q

What is the protection against tropical storms?

A

reduce impact of storm

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101
Q

What is the planning against tropical storms?

A

response and recovery

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102
Q

How does monitoring reduce the impact of tropical storms?

A

indicate whether a tropical storm intensify
helps protection and planning

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103
Q

Give examples of monitoring of tropical storms

A
  • NASA monitors weather across Atlantic in 2 unmanned aircraft called Global Hawk drones
  • Global Precipitation Measurement
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104
Q

What are the Global Hawk drones?

A

2 unmanned aircraft used by NASA to monitor weather across Atlantic

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105
Q

What is the Global Precipitation Measurement?

A

satellite that monitors high altitude rain clouds every 3 hours to indicate how a tropical storm will intensify over the next 24hours

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106
Q

How does predicting reduce the impact of tropical storms?

A

predicted pathway of tropical storm
helps planning and protection

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107
Q

Give examples of predicting tropical storms

A

track forecast cones
supercomputers
GIS doppler

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108
Q

What are track forecast cones?

A

plot path of storm with 70% accuracy

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109
Q

What are supercomputers?

A

give 5 days warning and predict warning within 400km

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110
Q

What is the GIS Doppler?

A

early warnings issued by national hurricane centres

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111
Q

How does protection reduce the impact of tropical storms?

A

develops defences

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112
Q

Give examples of protection against tropical storms

A

reinforcing buildings
coastal flood defences
no build zones

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113
Q

How does planning reduce the impact of tropical storms?

A

make preparations

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114
Q

Give examples of planning against tropical storms

A

supply kits
evacuation shelters
education
battery powered weather radio
insurance

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115
Q

Define extreme weather

A

an especially severe unseasonal weather event significantly different from average weather pattern

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116
Q

What extreme weather is the UK likely to experience?

A

heatwaves
storms

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117
Q

What extreme weather is the UK unlikely to experience?

A

hurricane
tsunami
tornado

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118
Q

Name extreme weather types

A

storm surge
gale
cold
heatwave
storms
landslide
blizzards
drought
fluvial/coastal flooding

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119
Q

What impacts does extreme weather have?

A

schools and businesses close
crops damaged
livestock die
councils spend money on gritting
injuries

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120
Q

What impacts does gales have?

A

infrastructure damaged
fallen trees - blocked roads

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121
Q

What impacts does thunderstorms have?

A

fires, electrical surges, deaths, building damage

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122
Q

What impacts does heatwaves cause?

A

deaths - dehydration
transport disrupted
crops damage
livestock die

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123
Q

What impacts does drought cause?

A

crop failure
water conservation regulations

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124
Q

What does crop failure cause?

A

food prices rise
farmers lose money
rely on food imports
starvation (LIC)

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125
Q

What impacts does heavy rain cause?

A

flash floods
infrastructure damaged
crops damaged
livestock die
repairs expensive
insurance denied to high flood risk areas

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126
Q

What makes up infrastrucutre?

A

buildings
transport
communication links
energy supplies

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127
Q

How would you support that you strongly agree with ‘weather in the UK is becoming more extreme’?

A

10 hottest years in last 20 years
July 2022 record breaking temp ; 43.3C
average lentgh of more than doubled

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128
Q

When have the last 10 hottest years occured?

A

last 20 years

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129
Q

How long was it 34C for during the day?

A

6 consecutive days

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130
Q

How many consecutive tropical nights were there?

A

4

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131
Q

What is a tropical night?

A

stays above 20C

132
Q

How often did heatwaves used to occur and how often do heatwaves occur now?

A

1000 days
now 200 days

133
Q

How would you support that you somewhat agree with ‘weather in the UK is becoming more extreme’?

A

0.2C increase 2012->2021
60% more extreme rain events
met office published ; warmer, wetter, sunnier than 19th century

134
Q

How much did the average temperature increase by between 2012 and 2021?

A

0.2C

135
Q

In percentage, how many more extreme rain events?

A

60%

136
Q

What did the Met Office publish about the change in weather since the century?

A

10% warmer, wetter, sunnier

137
Q

How would you support that you somewhat disagree with ‘weather in the UK is becoming more extreme’?

A

2021 had less rainfall than normal
5% less ground and air frosts

138
Q

Did 2021 have less/same/more rainfall than normal?

A

less

139
Q

By how much percent did the UK have less ground and air frosts

A

5%

140
Q

How would you support that you strongly disagree with ‘weather in the UK is becoming more extreme’?

A

none of the coldest years have been recorded in this century
no evidence for stronger winds

141
Q

None of the ______ years have been recorded in this century

A

coldest

142
Q

There is no evidence for…

A

the UK experiencing stronger winds than before

143
Q

What has happened to precipitation?

A

no change annually BUT
more winter rain since 1980s

144
Q

What has happened to river flow?

A

frequency and magnitude of winter flooding has increased since 1980s

145
Q

What has happened to evaporation?

A

not sure if evaporation has increased BUT temperature has increased by 1C since 1980s

146
Q

Define quaternary period

A

2.6 million years ago to today

147
Q

Define glacial period

A

period lasting 100,000 when global climate was colder and ice sheets covered continental areas

148
Q

Define interglacial period

A

period lasting 100,000 years when ice sheets retreated to poles

149
Q

Define climate change

A

long term shifts in weather patterns

150
Q

Give evidence that climate change has happened and is happening

A

sea level rise
ice melting
incr. freq in extreme weather events
decline in species
mitigation of biodiversity poleward

151
Q

What is glacial retreat?

A

glacier’s snout is retreating

152
Q

According the IPCC, how much has sea level risen by?

A

between 10 and 20cm in last 100 years

153
Q

What two reasons cause sea level rise?

A
  1. ocean water expands in volume
  2. water frozen in glaciers, melts
153
Q

Give examples of long term climate change evidence

A

ice cores
pollen analysis

154
Q

Give examples of medium term climate change evidence

A

historical records
tree rings

155
Q

Give examples of short term climate change evidence

A

sea level rise
instrumental records

156
Q

How can ice cores be used as evidence of climate change?

A

Ice cores from Greenland and Arctic reveal layers of ice, recording a season of snowfall and how the carbon dioxide level has varied

157
Q

What do ice cores supply as evidence?

A

change in carbon dioxide levels stored in levels of ice recording season of snowfall each

158
Q

How can pollen analysis be used as evidence of climate change?

A

sediment cores from peat bogs and lakes beds contain preserved pollen

159
Q

In the 2007 level of the ice core what was the ppm of co2?

A

338ppm
- unprecedented in past 800,000 years

160
Q

What does pollen analysis supply as evidence for climate change?

A

how ecosystems have changed

161
Q

How reliable are ice cores as evidence for climate change?

A

co2 immediately effected and stored in snow
v reliable

162
Q

How reliable is pollen analysis as evidence for climate change?

A

vegetation change takes time to adapt to climate change
not so reliable

163
Q

How can historical records be used as evidence for climate change?

A

paintings, poems, diaries and record books from the time can be referenced

164
Q

Give an example of historical records as evidence for climate change

A

paintings and diaries of frost fairs held on River Thames

165
Q

How can tree rings be used as evidence for climate change?

A

growth of trees is controlled by heat
therefore, thicker ring = hotter temp

166
Q

What is the name for using tree rings as evidence for climate change?

A

dendrochronology

167
Q

How are historical records reliable for evidence for climate change?

A

localised
perhaps exaggerated
not purposed for climate change
not so reliable

168
Q

How reliable are tree rings for evidence for climate change?

A

localised
difficult to determine importance of temp, rain, sun and wind on growth
not so reliable

169
Q

How can instrumental records be used as evidence for climate change?

A

recordings of change

170
Q

How reliable are instrumental records as evidence for climate change?

A

weather stations
purpose
recent
advanced tech
v reliable

171
Q

How can sea level rise be used as evidence for climate change?

A

recordings of change

172
Q

How reliable is sea level rise as evidence for climate change?

A

physical, visible change
precise
experienced
v reliable

173
Q

What are natural causes for climate change?

A
  1. orbital changes
  2. volcanic activity
  3. social output
174
Q

What is a sunspot?

A

dark patch on the surface of the sun, an area of intense energy

175
Q

What are the Milankovitch cycles?

A

orbital changes

176
Q

Give examples of Milankovitch cycles (orbital changes)?

A
  1. axial tilt
  2. precession
  3. eccentricity
177
Q

What are the four Cs?

A

cool
condense
cloud ; Cumulonimbus

178
Q

What type of clouds are produced by low pressure and cool air?

A

cumulonimbus

179
Q

What is the tropopause?

A

lid of the atmosphere

180
Q

What is the lid of the atmosphere?

A

tropopause

181
Q

What is the axial tilt?

A

earth spins on its axis causing night and day

182
Q

Over how long does the earths axil tilt change?

A

41,000 years

183
Q

How much does the axil tilt change by?

A

21.5 - 24.5 degrees

184
Q

What is precession?

A

‘wobble’ of earth

185
Q

How long does a total cycle of precesssion take?

A

26,000 years

186
Q

What does precession cause?

A

long days and long nights in certain areas

187
Q

What is eccentricity?

A

sun’s path of Earth as it orbits the sun

188
Q

How long does a total cycle of eccentricity take?

A

100,000

189
Q

What shape is the earth’s orbit?

A

changes from circular to eliptical

190
Q

How does eccentricity cause climate change?

A

hotter when circular
cooler when eliptical

191
Q

How does volcanic ash cause climate change?

A

blocks out sun
reduces insolation
reduces temperature

192
Q

What is does anthropogenic mean?

A

human induced climate change

193
Q

Give examples of greenhouse gases

A

methane
carbon dioxide

194
Q

How do volcanic eruptions cause climate change?

A

sulphur dioxide released
produces sulphuric acid
reflects insolation

195
Q

How do sunspots cause climate change?

A

more or less energy depending on intensity
more or less insolation

196
Q

Give examples of anthropogenic causes of climate change

A
  1. fossil fuels
  2. deforestation
  3. agriculture
197
Q

Which direction is air deflected in the Northern hemisphere?

A

right

198
Q

What direction is air deflected in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

left

199
Q

How do greenhouse gas emissions behave naturally?

A

infrared heat from sun is
- trapped by greenhouse gases and heats earth
- reflected from surface and escapes atmosphere

200
Q

How do greenhouse gas emissions behave when enhanced (and increased)?

A
  • increased amounts of infrared heat from sun trapped
  • less can escape earths atmosphere
  • heat is reflected back onto to earths surface
  • higher temperature
  • furthers greenhouse effect
201
Q

Why does factorisation occur?

A

population growth
urbanisation

202
Q

How does factorisation lead to climate change?

A

burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into atmosphere

203
Q

Why does agriculture occur on large scale?

A

increase in wealth causes increase in demand

204
Q

How does agriculture lead to climate change?

A

methane produced by cattle
nitrous oxide from fertilizers

205
Q

How much of greenhouse gases come from cattle farming?

A

20%

206
Q

Why does deforestation occur?

A

population growth
agriculture
urbanisation

207
Q

How does deforestation lead to climate change?

A

burning trees releases co2
cutting them down means less co2 absorbed

208
Q

How can crop yield benefit from climate change?

A

increase temperature and rainfall
less frost

209
Q

Which areas will experience higher crop yield as a result of climate change?

A

North America
New Zealand
East and SE Asia

210
Q

How much will Northern American crop yield increase by as an effect of climate change?

A

20%

211
Q

How will fishing in the Arctic become more effective as a result of climate change?

A

increased temperature

212
Q

Where will fishing become easier as a result of climate change?

A

Arctic

213
Q

How will heating costs decrease as an effect of climate change?

A

increased temperature

214
Q

How does an increase in fishing or crop yield benefit a social group?

A

wealth
disposable income
multiplier

215
Q

How does increased temperature reduced ski tourism?

A

less snow

216
Q

Where will be effected by less snow in terms of ski tourism?

A

Europe

217
Q

How will reduced ski tourism effect a social group?

A

no income

218
Q

How does climate change cause disease?

A

lack of clean water

219
Q

Where will disease increase as an effect of climate change?

A

South East Asia - cholera, diarrhoea
Africa - malaria

220
Q

How many people will be affected in South East Asia by lack of clean water?

A

1 billion by 2050

221
Q

What will replace rainforests in South America by the middle of the century?

A

savannahs

222
Q

How many birds, mammals and plants could be lost in mountainous regions of Europe?

A

60%

223
Q

What will climate change cause for polar bears in the Arctic?

A

ice melts
reduced habitats
reduced population

224
Q

Define mitigation

A

strategies to respond to new conditions created by climate change

225
Q

Define adaptation

A

strategies to reduce cause of climate change

226
Q

Give examples of mitigation for climate change

A

carbon capture
renewable resources
planting trees
international agreements

227
Q

What are the advantages of carbon capture?

A

stores co2 underground - better than being in atmosphere

228
Q

How does carbon capture work?

A

stores co2 underground and an impermeable ‘cap rock’ prevents it escaping

229
Q

What type of rock prevents carbon escaping in carbon capture?

A

impermeable

230
Q

What are the disadvantages of carbon capture?

A

expensive
unclear if co2 would remain

231
Q

How much of world mitigation could be done by carbon capture?

A

10-50% til 2100

232
Q

What are the advantages of renewable resources?

A

no greenhouse gases produced

233
Q

Give examples of renewable resources

A

solar
wind
geothermal
wave
tidal

234
Q

What are the disadvantages of renewable resources?

A

expensive
unreliable

235
Q

What are the advantages of planting trees?

A

stores co2
produces o2
habitats

236
Q

What are the disadvantages of planting trees?

A

loss of land
can reduce biodiversity if one species

237
Q

How much could planting trees increase carbon storage by?

A

28%

238
Q

What are the advantages of international agreements?

A

legally binding encouragement for responsibility and action

239
Q

What are the disadvantages of international agreements?

A

some countries will not agree
some countries more responsible than others

240
Q

Give examples of adaptation for climate change

A

managing water supplies
change in agriculture
reducing risk

241
Q

What are the advantages of managing water supplies?

A

manage change in rainfall

242
Q

How is managing water supplies done in London?

A

reduce demand - water efficient devices
increase supply - desalination

243
Q

What are the disadvantages of managing water supplies?

A

security threatened in areas of deficit if unstable politically

244
Q

What are the disadvantages of changes in agriculture?

A

difficult for poor farmers

245
Q

How can reducing risk be done to adapt to climate change?

A

Thames barrier
mangroves
stilts/raised buildings
relocating

246
Q

What caused the Beast from the East?

A

change in northern polar jet stream

247
Q

What happened at the Arctic to cause the Beast from the East?

A

stratospheric warming

248
Q

When did the Beast from the East affect the UK?

A

25 February - 1 March 2018

249
Q

What extreme weather event happened on the 01/03/2018?

A

Storm Emma in Cornwall

250
Q

What happened to the air heated by the stratospheric warming that caused the Beast from the East?

A

slowed, lost energy and sunk
then warmed and regained energy

251
Q

What happened to the Westerly winds during the Beast from the East?

A

became Easterly winds

252
Q

What did the new easterly winds mean for the UK during the Beast from the East?

A

cold air brought from East

253
Q

Why was there so much snow during the Beast from the East?

A

picked up moisture from North Sea
so cold -> fell as snow

254
Q

What social primary impacts did the Beast from the East cause?

A

man died in London after being pulled from frozen lake
3 other deaths

255
Q

What social secondary impacts did the Beast from the East cause?

A

schools closed
Macclesfield police followed footsteps of thieves
people trapped in vehicles on A31

256
Q

What were the environmental primary impacts caused by the Beast from the East?

A

gale winds
lots of snow
low temperatures

256
Q

What were Macclesfield police able to do during Beast from the East?

A

follow footsteps of thieves

257
Q

What was the speed of the gale winds in the North of England and Wales during the Beast from the East?

A

60-70 mph

258
Q

How much snow fell in Dartmoor, Exmoor and Wales during the Beast from the East?

A

50cm

259
Q

What were the temperatures experienced by rural areas during the Beast from the East?

A

-12C

260
Q

What were the economic primary impacts caused by the Beast from the East?

A

delayed deliveries

261
Q

What were the environmental secondary impacts caused by the Beast from the East?

A

increased CO2 emissions from vehicles stuck in traffic

262
Q

What were the secondary economic impacts caused by the Beast from the East?

A

collisions ; insurance
lorries crashed
shelves stripped of supplies

263
Q

How many collisions happened over 3 days during the Beast from the East?

A

8260

264
Q

How much did the 8260 collisions in insurance during the Beast from the East?

A

£10 million

265
Q

What does jackknifed mean?

A

parts of lorry move in different directions

266
Q

What were shelves stripped of during the Beast from the East?

A

bread
milk
soup

267
Q

What management was there during the Beast from the East?

A

councils gritting + snowploughing

Met Office Red Warnings

Public Health England ; supplies

268
Q

What did the Public Health England urge people to have enough of during the Beast from the East?

A

food
medicine

269
Q

What responses happened during the Beast from the East?

A

stranded drivers given foil blankets

Greggs delivery driver

Cleveland mountain rescue

Army and Royal air force

270
Q

What did a Greggs delivery driver do during the Beast from the East?

A

gave out free food to stranded drivers

271
Q

What did the Cleveland Mountain Rescue team do during the Beast from the East?

A

toom district nurses to rural elderly patients

272
Q

What did the army and the Royal Air force do during the Beast from the East?

A

ferried health workers through blocked roads in Lincolnshire and Scotland

273
Q

How many people died during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6340

274
Q

What was Typhoon Haiyan on the Saffir Simpson scale?

A

5

275
Q

Where did Typhoon Haiyan effect?

A

Philippines

276
Q

Why did Typhoon Haiyan dissipate?

A

Philippines ; islands ; energy from sea
BUT
Vietnam ; land mass ; no energy from sea

277
Q

What physical factors caused a high death toll in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

funnel shaped bays
lack of nearby high land
high storm surge
high wind speed

278
Q

How did funnel shaped bays cause a high death toll in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

channels storm in one direction

279
Q

What human factors caused a high death toll in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

coastal population
remote communities
LIC

280
Q

How did Philippines being an LIC cause a high death toll in Typhoon Haiyan?

A

lack of resources and technology

281
Q

When did Typhoon Haiyan make landfall?

A

8 November 2013

282
Q

How did Typhoon Haiyan form?

A
  • low pressure over Micronesia
  • 7 degrees latitude
  • 27 degrees Celsius ocean
283
Q

Why did Philippines being 7 degrees latitude cause Typhoon Haiyan?

A

strong Coriolis - spin of storm

284
Q

How did the ocean temperature of 27 degrees Celsius cause Typhoon Haiyan?

A

energy for the storm

285
Q

What were the primary social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

6340 died
50% houses destroyed
4.1 million homeless
90% Tacloban - airport

286
Q

How many houses were destroyed during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

50%

287
Q

How many people were left homeless after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

4.1 million

288
Q

How much of Tacloban was destroyed during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

90%

289
Q

Which airport was destroyed after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Tacloban airport

290
Q

What were the secondary social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

8 people killed in rice stampede
5.6 million jobs lost
infection + disease
blocked aid

291
Q

What caused the aid to be blocked after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

landslides

292
Q

What did blocked aid after Typhoon Haiyan cause?

A

more deaths

293
Q

How many people were killed in a rice stampede after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

8 people

294
Q

How many jobs were lost as a secondary impact of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

5.6 million

295
Q

What disease was spread after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

dysentry

296
Q

Why did dysentery spread after Typhoon Haiyan?

A

lack of clean water

297
Q

What were the primary environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

400mm rainfall
800,000L oil barge
600,000 hectares farmland destroyed

298
Q

How much rainfall fell during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

400mm

299
Q

How much oil was spilt from the barge during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

800,000L

300
Q

How many hectares of farmland was destroyed during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

600,000 hectares

301
Q

How many tonnes of crops were destroyed during Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1.1 million tonnes

302
Q

What were the secondary environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

10 hectares of mangroves ; oil barge
landslides ; flooding

303
Q

How many hectares of mangrove was destroyed after Typhoon Haiyan due to an oil spill?

A

10 hectares

304
Q

What were the primary economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

$12 billion damage
$53 million damage to rice
fishermen and farmers lost 75% of income

305
Q

How much economic damage was caused by Typhoon Haiyan?

A

$12 billion damage

306
Q

How much economic damage to rice was caused by Typhoon Haiyan?

A

$53 million damage to rice

307
Q

How much income did farmers and fishermen lose as an impact of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

75% of income`

308
Q

What were the secondary economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

looting
rice price increased by 12% by 2014

309
Q

By 2014, how much had rice price increased by?

A

12%

310
Q

What were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

evacuation
curfew
emergency aid
evacuation centres

311
Q

How many people were evacuated as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

800,000 people evacuated

312
Q

Where and why were people evacuated to as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Tacloban stadium
-> reinforced roof

313
Q

What was introduced 2 days after Typhoon Haiyan as a response to looting?

A

curfew to reduce looting

314
Q

How many days later was emergency aid provided as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

3 days later
by plane

315
Q

How many evacuation centres were set up as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1200 evacuation centres

316
Q

What were the long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

$1.5 billion foreign aid
new storm surge system
Build Back Better Scheme
Ofxam provided fishing boats
more shelters

317
Q

How much was provided in foreign aid as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

$1.5 billion foreign aid

318
Q

What was made as a long term response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

new storm surge system

319
Q

What scheme encouraged better building regulations as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Build Back Better

320
Q

What did the Build Back Better scheme encourage as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

better building regulations

321
Q

When was the Build Back Better scheme introduced?

A

July 2014

322
Q

What did Oxfam supply to the Philippines as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

provided fishing boats

323
Q

What did the government make more of as a response to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

shelters

AQA Geography (9 decks)

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