Ch.9 Respiratory Flashcards
What is the primary function of respiratory
Absorption of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide
What’s the difference between internal and external respiration
Internal respiration is gas exchange between tissue cells and blood
External respiration is gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood
Gas exchange occurs via simple gas diffusion. What is gas diffusion
Process of molecules moving from a higher area of concentration to a lower area of concentration
Midsternal lines
Cuts thorax in half
Midclavical line
Cuts the hemithorax in half
What is costophrenic angle
Shown on xray, an image where the parietal pleural departs chest wall to diaphragm. Should be rounded
What is pleural fluid
Fluid acts as lubricant, decreases lung friction
What is parietal and visceral pleura
Membrane/ sac covering organs
Parietal pleura is “outside” against the body
Visceral pleura is “inside” against the internal organ
What are the 3 pleural membranes
Parietal “outer layer”
Intrapleural space “ in between, has fluid”
Visceral “ inner layer”
What is pleural effusion
Caused by excess of fluid in pleural space
Blunted costophrenic angle
What is thoracentesis
Procedure used to puncture and drain out the excess fluid in lungs (pleural effusion)
What is pneumothorax (ptx)
Gas accumulation and subsequent pressure increase causes lung to collapse on the affected side
What is the sternum composed of
Manubrium, body and xiphoid process
What are the 2 primary muscles of respiration
Diaphragm and intercostals
What are the accessory muscles of respiration
Scalene, sternocleidomastoids, pectoralis and abdominal wall
What can be seen in severe asthma and COPD with the diaphragm
Hyperinflation (increased lung volume) will flatten the diaphragm
What nerve innervates the diaphragm
Phrenic nerves that arise from c3,c4 and c5
What is diaphragmatic paralysis
Spinal cord injuries at or above level of third cervical vertebrae
What does scalene/ sternocleidomastoid do
Lift upper chest and increase the AP(anterior and posterior) diameter when activated
What is pectoralis muscles for
Chronically SOB patients use them to try and lift the flattened diaphragm
The apices in lungs extend to how many cm?
1-2 cm above clavicles
What is the objective of pulmonary venous circulation
Deliver oxygenated blood from lungs into the left atrium
What is the objective of pulmonary arterial circulation
Deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs
Know the flow of blood throughout the heart
What’s the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation
Pulmonary is low pressure low resistance
Systemic is high pressure high resistance
What is the primary function of lymphatic
Clear fluid from the interstitial and pleural spaces to help maintain the fluid balance in lungs
What are the other functions of lymphatic
Removes bacteria and the phagocytes cells provide defense against foreign material from the lungs
Most pulmonary lymphatic system consists of what vessels
Superficial and deep vessels.
Vessels begin as dead end lymphatic channels in lungs
What is Hering Breuer reflex
Controls deep breathing, limits breathes and prevent over expansion
What is heads paradoxical reflex
Stimulates taking a deeper breath
What is upper respiratory tract composed of
Nasal cavities and sinuses
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
What are concha or turninates and what are their functions
Three shelf like bones projecting from lateral walls
Function: allows conduction of gases, increases surface area for filtration/defense, and warms/humidifies inhaled gases
Does gas exchange occur in nasal cavity
No
Where does turbulent and laminar flow occur
Turbulent flow is in the nasal cavity
Laminar flow is in the terminal bronchioles
What are the 3 anatomical landmarks that must be visible for an attempt for endotracheal intubation
Epiglottis, vocal cords and vallecula
What is the lower resp tract made up of
Conducting airways
respiratory airways
What’s the purpose of conducting airways
Conveys gas exchange from upper airway to the structures that do participate in gas exchange.
The airways from the nares to and the terminal bronchioles are the conducting zone airways. They do not participate in gas exchange
What airway participate in gas exchange
Respiratory airways
If aspirations of foreign object, where will it end up
In the right lower lobe because of the angle and extension
What are conducting airways
Nares to and including terminal bronchioles
What are respiratory bronchioles and its functions
It arises from terminal bronchioles
Has 2 functions: conduct gas deeper into respiratory zone and participate in gas exchange
What is anatomic deadspace
A gas that does not participate in gas exchange
1 ml/lb of ideal body weight
What are the 2 intercommunicating channels in bronchioles
Canals of Lamert
Pores of Kohn allow collateral ventilation
Where are the largest alveoli found
Apical ( top) regions of the lungs are larger because of gravitational effects
Type 1 pneumocytes
Very thin, facilitated in gas exchange
Type 2 pneumocytes
Manufacture and store surfactant
Reduces surface tension and alveolar tendency to collapse
Decreased surfactant will oppose lung inflation
Alveolar/ capillary
A/C membrane provides area for gas exchange via the mechanism of simple gaseous diffusion
