Ch.9 Respiratory

Question 1

What is the primary function of respiratory

Answer 1

Absorption of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide

Question 2

What’s the difference between internal and external respiration

Answer 2

Internal respiration is gas exchange between tissue cells and blood
External respiration is gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood

Question 3

Gas exchange occurs via simple gas diffusion. What is gas diffusion

Answer 3

Process of molecules moving from a higher area of concentration to a lower area of concentration

Question 4

Midsternal lines

Answer 4

Cuts thorax in half

Question 5

Midclavical line

Answer 5

Cuts the hemithorax in half

Question 6

What is costophrenic angle

Answer 6

Shown on xray, an image where the parietal pleural departs chest wall to diaphragm. Should be rounded

Question 7

What is pleural fluid

Answer 7

Fluid acts as lubricant, decreases lung friction

Question 8

What is parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 8

Membrane/ sac covering organs

Parietal pleura is “outside” against the body

Visceral pleura is “inside” against the internal organ

Question 9

What are the 3 pleural membranes

Answer 9

Parietal “outer layer”

Intrapleural space “ in between, has fluid”

Visceral “ inner layer”

Question 10

What is pleural effusion

Answer 10

Caused by excess of fluid in pleural space
Blunted costophrenic angle

Question 11

What is thoracentesis

Answer 11

Procedure used to puncture and drain out the excess fluid in lungs (pleural effusion)

Question 12

What is pneumothorax (ptx)

Answer 12

Gas accumulation and subsequent pressure increase causes lung to collapse on the affected side

Question 13

What is the sternum composed of

Answer 13

Manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Question 14

What are the 2 primary muscles of respiration

Answer 14

Diaphragm and intercostals

Question 15

What are the accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 15

Scalene, sternocleidomastoids, pectoralis and abdominal wall

Question 16

What can be seen in severe asthma and COPD with the diaphragm

Answer 16

Hyperinflation (increased lung volume) will flatten the diaphragm

Question 17

What nerve innervates the diaphragm

Answer 17

Phrenic nerves that arise from c3,c4 and c5

Question 18

What is diaphragmatic paralysis

Answer 18

Spinal cord injuries at or above level of third cervical vertebrae

Question 19

What does scalene/ sternocleidomastoid do

Answer 19

Lift upper chest and increase the AP(anterior and posterior) diameter when activated

Question 20

What is pectoralis muscles for

Answer 20

Chronically SOB patients use them to try and lift the flattened diaphragm

Question 21

The apices in lungs extend to how many cm?

Answer 21

1-2 cm above clavicles

Question 22

What is the objective of pulmonary venous circulation

Answer 22

Deliver oxygenated blood from lungs into the left atrium

Question 23

What is the objective of pulmonary arterial circulation

Answer 23

Deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs

Question 24

Know the flow of blood throughout the heart

Question 25

What’s the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 25

Pulmonary is low pressure low resistance Systemic is high pressure high resistance

Question 26

What is the primary function of lymphatic

Answer 26

Clear fluid from the interstitial and pleural spaces to help maintain the fluid balance in lungs

Question 27

What are the other functions of lymphatic

Answer 27

Removes bacteria and the phagocytes cells provide defense against foreign material from the lungs

Question 28

Most pulmonary lymphatic system consists of what vessels

Answer 28

Superficial and deep vessels. Vessels begin as dead end lymphatic channels in lungs

Question 29

What is Hering Breuer reflex

Answer 29

Controls deep breathing, limits breathes and prevent over expansion

Question 30

What is heads paradoxical reflex

Answer 30

Stimulates taking a deeper breath

Question 31

What is upper respiratory tract composed of

Answer 31

Nasal cavities and sinuses Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx

Question 32

What are concha or turninates and what are their functions

Answer 32

Three shelf like bones projecting from lateral walls Function: allows conduction of gases, increases surface area for filtration/defense, and warms/humidifies inhaled gases

Question 33

Does gas exchange occur in nasal cavity

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Where does turbulent and laminar flow occur

Answer 34

Turbulent flow is in the nasal cavity Laminar flow is in the terminal bronchioles

Question 35

What are the 3 anatomical landmarks that must be visible for an attempt for endotracheal intubation

Answer 35

Epiglottis, vocal cords and vallecula

Question 36

What is the lower resp tract made up of

Answer 36

Conducting airways respiratory airways

Question 37

What’s the purpose of conducting airways

Answer 37

Conveys gas exchange from upper airway to the structures that do participate in gas exchange. The airways from the nares to and the terminal bronchioles are the conducting zone airways. They do not participate in gas exchange

Question 38

What airway participate in gas exchange

Answer 38

Respiratory airways

Question 39

If aspirations of foreign object, where will it end up

Answer 39

In the right lower lobe because of the angle and extension

Question 40

What are conducting airways

Answer 40

Nares to and including terminal bronchioles

Question 41

What are respiratory bronchioles and its functions

Answer 41

It arises from terminal bronchioles Has 2 functions: conduct gas deeper into respiratory zone and participate in gas exchange

Question 42

What is anatomic deadspace

Answer 42

A gas that does not participate in gas exchange 1 ml/lb of ideal body weight

Question 43

What are the 2 intercommunicating channels in bronchioles

Answer 43

Canals of Lamert Pores of Kohn allow collateral ventilation

Question 44

Where are the largest alveoli found

Answer 44

Apical ( top) regions of the lungs are larger because of gravitational effects

Question 45

Type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 45

Very thin, facilitated in gas exchange

Question 46

Type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 46

Manufacture and store surfactant Reduces surface tension and alveolar tendency to collapse Decreased surfactant will oppose lung inflation

Question 47

Alveolar/ capillary

Answer 47

A/C membrane provides area for gas exchange via the mechanism of simple gaseous diffusion