Ch.9 Interactive glossary Flashcards
A bacterial strain that can donate chromosomal genes to a recipient through conjugation.
High frequency recombinant (Hfr)
A bacteriophage that enters a bacterium but does not replicate; the phage DNA may remain in the bacterial cytoplasm or attach to the bacterial chromosome.
Temperate phage
A bacteriophage that replicates within a bacterium and destroys the bacterium.
Virulent phage
A cluster of genes that encode several pathogenic characteristics.
Pathogenicity island
A DNA molecule containing DNA from two different sources.
Recombinant DNA molecule
A DNA plasmid in the cytoplasm of an F+ bacterial cell that may pass to a recipient bacterial cell in conjugation and change the recipient into an F+ cell.
F factor
A process by which a virus replicates within a host cell and ultimately destroys the host cell.
Lytic cycle
A transduction in which the prophage carries some bacterial genes when it breaks free from the chromosome; the bacterial genes are then replicated and carried into the next cell by the virus.
Specialized transduction
A type of bacterial recombination in which a virus transports fragments of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
Transduction
A type of bacterial recombination in which competent bacteria acquire fragments of DNA from disintegrated donor cells and incorporate the DNA into their chromosomes.
Transformation
A type of bacterial recombination in which genetic material passes from a live donor cell into a live recipient cell during a period of contact.
Conjugation
A type of transduction in which a prophage accidentally incorporates bacterial DNA into its own DNA while replicating during the lytic cycle; the bacterial DNA is then carried into the next cell by the virus.
Generalized transduction
A type of virus that attacks and replicates within bacteria.
Bacteriophage (phage)
An enzyme that binds together DNA fragments and is important in genetic engineering experiments.
DNA ligase
An enzyme that cleaves a DNA molecule at the sugar-phosphate bond; used in genetic engineering techniques.
Endonuclease
An enzyme that splits open a DNA molecule at a specific restricted point; important in genetic engineering techniques.
Restriction endonuclease
An identical copy of something like a plasmid.
Clone
An organism whose genes have been changed to produce new characteristics or a useful product.
Genetically-modified organism (GMO)
Referring to organisms containing DNA from another source.
Transgenic
Refers to the ability of a recipient cell to take up DNA in the recombination process of transformation.
Competence
Refers to the commercial and industrial applications derived from genetic engineering.
Biotechnology
Single-stranded DNA molecules that recognize and bind to a specific nucleotide sequence on a pathogen.
DNA probe
That part of a phage replicative process when the bacterium carries a prophage, which is then spread through DNA replication and binary fission.
Lysogenic cycle
The collective genomes of all prokaryotes in a microbial community.
Metagenome
The comparison of DNA sequences between organisms.
Comparative genomics
The identification of gene function from a gene sequence.
Functional genomics
The mechanism for DNA transfer from one microorganisms to another.
Genetic recombination
The movement of DNA segments between bacterial cells of the same generation.
Horizontal gene transfer
The passing of genes from one cell generation to the next.
Vertical gene transfer
The study of an organism’s genome.
Genomics
The study of the interactions between microbial genomes in a defined community.
Environmental genomics
The use of bacterial and microbial genetics to isolate, manipulate, recombine, and express genes.
Genetic engineering
The use of microorganisms for environmental cleanup.
Bioremediation
The viral DNA of a temperate phage inserted into the bacterial DNA.
Prophage
