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Microbiology > Ch.4 Interactive glossary > Flashcards

Ch.4 Interactive glossary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

(1) A granule-like storage structure found in the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm. (2) A virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell.

A

Inclusion

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2
Q

A bacterial rod; also a genus name.

A

Bacillus

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3
Q

A bacterium characterized by spheres in a grapelike cluster; also a genus name.

A

Staphylococcus

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4
Q

A bacterium characterized by twisted or curved rods, generally with a rigid cell wall and flagella.

A

Spirillum

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5
Q

A bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

A

Outer membrane

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6
Q

A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding fungal, algal, and most bacterial and archaeal cells.

A

Cell wall

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7
Q

A cell having a capsule.

A

Encapsulated

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8
Q

A cellular component of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis.

A

Ribosome

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9
Q

A cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis.

A

Ribosome

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10
Q

A chain of bacterial cocci; also a genus name.

A

Streptococcus

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11
Q

A chain of bacterial rods; also a genus name.

A

Streptobacillus

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12
Q

A complex molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) cross linked by short peptides.

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

A component in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall.

A

Lipid A

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14
Q

A cytoplasmic body in certain bacterial cells that assists orientation to the environment by aligning with the magnetic field.

A

Magnetosome

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15
Q

A cytoplasmic storage structure found in many prokaryotic cells.

A

Inclusion body

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16
Q

A discrete unit of hereditary information.

A

Gene

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17
Q

A form of bacterium occurring as a curved rod.

A

Vibrio

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18
Q

A layer of polysaccharides and small proteins covalently bound some prokaryotic cells.

A

Capsule

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19
Q

A long, hair-like structure composed of protein and responsible for motility in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.

A

Flagellum

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19
Q

A membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacterial cells and containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

A

Outer membrane

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20
Q

A microorganism that lives in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high acidity, or high salt.

A

Extremophile

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21
Q

A microscopic fiber located along cell walls in certain species of spirochetes; contractions of the filaments yield undulating motion in the cell.

A

Endoflagellum

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22
Q

A molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide, found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, where it functions as an endotoxin.

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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23
Q

A movement toward a chemical attractant.

A

Chemotaxis

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24
Q

A pathogen-produced molecule or structure that allows the cell to invade or evade the immune system and possibly cause disease.

A

Virulence factor

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24
Q

A phylum in the domain Bacteria that contains many of the gram-positive species.

A

Firmicutes

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25
Q

A phylum in the domain Bacteria that exhibits fungus-like properties when cultivated in the laboratory.

A

Actinobacteria

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26
Q

A poison that can activate inflammatory responses, leading to high fever, shock, and organ failure.

A

Endotoxin

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27
Q

A polyphosphate-storing granule that stains deeply with methylene blue commonly found in diphtheria bacilli; also called volutin.

A

Metachromatic granule

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28
Q

A process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms.

A

Phagocytosis

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29
Q

A prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80 degrees Celsius.

A

Hyperthermophile

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30
Q

A protein filament essential for conjugation between donor and recipient bacterial cells.

A

Conjugation pilus

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31
Q

A protein in bacterial pili that assists in attachment to the surface molecules of cells.

A

Adhesion

32
Q

A protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that acts as channels for the passage of molecules into the periplasmic region.

A

Porin

33
Q

A shape of many bacterial and archaeal cells.

A

Spiral

34
Q

A short, hair-like structure used by some bacterial cells for attachment.

A

Pilus

34
Q

A single layer of cultured cells.

A

Monolayer

35
Q

A small, circular DNA molecule that occurs frequently in some bacterial cells and can carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

A

R plasmid

36
Q

A small, closed-loop molecule of extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome.

A

Plasmid

37
Q

A solution with more dissolved material (solutes) than the surrounding solution.

A

Hypertonic

38
Q

A spherical-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell.

A

Coccus

39
Q

A substance that attracts cells through motility.

A

Attractant

39
Q

A thick surface layer of secreted polysaccharides that serves to protect the cell from desiccation and for attachment to other surfaces.

A

Capsule

40
Q

A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm.

A

Cell membrane

41
Q

A thinner, flowing, and less tightly bound form of a glycocalyx.

A

Slime layer

41
Q

A twisted bacterial rod with a flexible cell wall containing axial filaments for motility.

A

Spirochete

42
Q

A viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to assist in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation

A

Glycocalyx

43
Q

An adhesive molecule on a pilus.

A

Adhesin

44
Q

An anionic polysaccharide derivative found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacterial cells.

A

Teichoic acid

45
Q

An archaeal organism living at an extremely acidic pH.

A

Extreme halophile

46
Q

An arrangement of four bacterial cells in a cube shape.

A

Tetrad

47
Q

An energy-requiring movement of substances from an area of lower concentration across a biological membrane to a region of higher concentration by means of a membrane-spanning carrier protein.

A

Active transport

48
Q

An entity with similar attributes due to shared ancestry.

A

Homolog

49
Q

An external carbohydrate layer consisting of the capsule or slime layer.

A

Glycocalyx

50
Q

An instrument that spins particles suspended in liquid at high speed.

A

Centrifuge

51
Q

Animals having jointed appendages and segmented body (e.g., ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes).

A

Arthropods

52
Q

Any rod-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell.

A

Bacillus

53
Q

Enzymes that break bonds in the peptidoglycan, thereby causing lysis of the cell.

A

Autolytic enzymes

54
Q

Genetic elements capable of incorporating and transferring genetic information.

A

Vector

55
Q

Having a single set of genetic information.

A

Haploid

56
Q

Members of the vertebrates, nematodes, and mollusks.

A

Metazoans

57
Q

One that compares the chemical environment and concentration from one moment to the next.

A

Temporal sensing

58
Q

Pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are not soluble in water.

A

Hydrophobic

59
Q

Pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water.

A

Hydrophilic

60
Q

Referring to the mucous membranes lining many body cavities exposed to the environment.

A

Mucosal

61
Q

Sudden increases in the numbers of cells of an organism in an environment.

A

Blooms

62
Q

The arrangement of cells in pairs of spheres.

A

Diplococcus

63
Q

The cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterial or archaeal cell.

A

Cell envelope

64
Q

The chromosomal region of a bacterial and archaeal cells.

A

Nucleoid

65
Q

The complete set of genes in an organism.

A

Genome

66
Q

The complex of chemicals and structures within a cell; in plant and animal cells excluding the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

67
Q

The complex structure consisting of the cell wall and cell membrane.

A

Cell envelope

68
Q

The filaments and proteins that have homologs in eukaryotic cells.

A

Cytoskeleton (prokaryotic)

69
Q

The flagellar organization (with an outer sheath membrane) found in the spirochetes.

A

Endoflagella

70
Q

The fluid, ions, and compounds of a cell’s cytoplasm excluding organelles and other structures.

A

Cytosol

70
Q

The form of membrane transport that moves materials against the concentration gradient.

A

Active transport

71
Q

The gel-like area between the cell membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacterial cells.

A

Periplasmic region

72
Q

The most common cell wall among archaeal species.

A

S-layer

73
Q

The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration across a biological membrane to a region of lower concentration by means of a membrane-spanning channel or carrier protein.

A

Facilitated diffusion

74
Q

The phospholipid bilayer with proteins that surrounds the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm

A

Plasma membrane

75
Q

The representation for the cell membrane where proteins “float” within or on a bilayer of phospholipid.

A

Fluid mosaic model

76
Q

The rupturing of a cell.

A

Lysis

Microbiology (23 decks)

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