Ch.4 Interactive glossary Flashcards
(1) A granule-like storage structure found in the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm. (2) A virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell.
Inclusion
A bacterial rod; also a genus name.
Bacillus
A bacterium characterized by spheres in a grapelike cluster; also a genus name.
Staphylococcus
A bacterium characterized by twisted or curved rods, generally with a rigid cell wall and flagella.
Spirillum
A bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
Outer membrane
A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding fungal, algal, and most bacterial and archaeal cells.
Cell wall
A cell having a capsule.
Encapsulated
A cellular component of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis.
Ribosome
A cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis.
Ribosome
A chain of bacterial cocci; also a genus name.
Streptococcus
A chain of bacterial rods; also a genus name.
Streptobacillus
A complex molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) cross linked by short peptides.
Peptidoglycan
A component in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall.
Lipid A
A cytoplasmic body in certain bacterial cells that assists orientation to the environment by aligning with the magnetic field.
Magnetosome
A cytoplasmic storage structure found in many prokaryotic cells.
Inclusion body
A discrete unit of hereditary information.
Gene
A form of bacterium occurring as a curved rod.
Vibrio
A layer of polysaccharides and small proteins covalently bound some prokaryotic cells.
Capsule
A long, hair-like structure composed of protein and responsible for motility in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.
Flagellum
A membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacterial cells and containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Outer membrane
A microorganism that lives in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high acidity, or high salt.
Extremophile
A microscopic fiber located along cell walls in certain species of spirochetes; contractions of the filaments yield undulating motion in the cell.
Endoflagellum
A molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide, found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, where it functions as an endotoxin.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A movement toward a chemical attractant.
Chemotaxis
A pathogen-produced molecule or structure that allows the cell to invade or evade the immune system and possibly cause disease.
Virulence factor
A phylum in the domain Bacteria that contains many of the gram-positive species.
Firmicutes
A phylum in the domain Bacteria that exhibits fungus-like properties when cultivated in the laboratory.
Actinobacteria
A poison that can activate inflammatory responses, leading to high fever, shock, and organ failure.
Endotoxin
A polyphosphate-storing granule that stains deeply with methylene blue commonly found in diphtheria bacilli; also called volutin.
Metachromatic granule
A process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms.
Phagocytosis
A prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80 degrees Celsius.
Hyperthermophile
A protein filament essential for conjugation between donor and recipient bacterial cells.
Conjugation pilus
A protein in bacterial pili that assists in attachment to the surface molecules of cells.
Adhesion
A protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that acts as channels for the passage of molecules into the periplasmic region.
Porin
A shape of many bacterial and archaeal cells.
Spiral
A short, hair-like structure used by some bacterial cells for attachment.
Pilus
A single layer of cultured cells.
Monolayer
A small, circular DNA molecule that occurs frequently in some bacterial cells and can carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
R plasmid
A small, closed-loop molecule of extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome.
Plasmid
A solution with more dissolved material (solutes) than the surrounding solution.
Hypertonic
A spherical-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell.
Coccus
A substance that attracts cells through motility.
Attractant
A thick surface layer of secreted polysaccharides that serves to protect the cell from desiccation and for attachment to other surfaces.
Capsule
A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm.
Cell membrane
A thinner, flowing, and less tightly bound form of a glycocalyx.
Slime layer
A twisted bacterial rod with a flexible cell wall containing axial filaments for motility.
Spirochete
A viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to assist in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation
Glycocalyx
An adhesive molecule on a pilus.
Adhesin
An anionic polysaccharide derivative found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacterial cells.
Teichoic acid
An archaeal organism living at an extremely acidic pH.
Extreme halophile
An arrangement of four bacterial cells in a cube shape.
Tetrad
An energy-requiring movement of substances from an area of lower concentration across a biological membrane to a region of higher concentration by means of a membrane-spanning carrier protein.
Active transport
An entity with similar attributes due to shared ancestry.
Homolog
An external carbohydrate layer consisting of the capsule or slime layer.
Glycocalyx
An instrument that spins particles suspended in liquid at high speed.
Centrifuge
Animals having jointed appendages and segmented body (e.g., ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes).
Arthropods
Any rod-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell.
Bacillus
Enzymes that break bonds in the peptidoglycan, thereby causing lysis of the cell.
Autolytic enzymes
Genetic elements capable of incorporating and transferring genetic information.
Vector
Having a single set of genetic information.
Haploid
Members of the vertebrates, nematodes, and mollusks.
Metazoans
One that compares the chemical environment and concentration from one moment to the next.
Temporal sensing
Pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are not soluble in water.
Hydrophobic
Pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water.
Hydrophilic
Referring to the mucous membranes lining many body cavities exposed to the environment.
Mucosal
Sudden increases in the numbers of cells of an organism in an environment.
Blooms
The arrangement of cells in pairs of spheres.
Diplococcus
The cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterial or archaeal cell.
Cell envelope
The chromosomal region of a bacterial and archaeal cells.
Nucleoid
The complete set of genes in an organism.
Genome
The complex of chemicals and structures within a cell; in plant and animal cells excluding the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
The complex structure consisting of the cell wall and cell membrane.
Cell envelope
The filaments and proteins that have homologs in eukaryotic cells.
Cytoskeleton (prokaryotic)
The flagellar organization (with an outer sheath membrane) found in the spirochetes.
Endoflagella
The fluid, ions, and compounds of a cell’s cytoplasm excluding organelles and other structures.
Cytosol
The form of membrane transport that moves materials against the concentration gradient.
Active transport
The gel-like area between the cell membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacterial cells.
Periplasmic region
The most common cell wall among archaeal species.
S-layer
The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration across a biological membrane to a region of lower concentration by means of a membrane-spanning channel or carrier protein.
Facilitated diffusion
The phospholipid bilayer with proteins that surrounds the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
The representation for the cell membrane where proteins “float” within or on a bilayer of phospholipid.
Fluid mosaic model
The rupturing of a cell.
Lysis
