Ch.6 Interactive glossary Flashcards
A biochemical process in which amino groups are enzymatically removed from amino acids or other organic compound.
Deamination
A biochemical process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy and used in carbohydrate synthesis.
Photosynthesis
A catabolic process that produces lactic acid during the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis to generate ATP.
Lactic acid fermentation
A catabolic, energy-releasing process.
Exergonic reaction
A chemical process that requires energy
Endergonic
A cyclic series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which carbon from acetyl-CoA is released as carbon dioxide; the reactions also yield protons and high-energy electrons that are transported among coenzymes and cytochromes as their energy is released.
Krebs cycle
A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxygen is produced.
Oxygenic photosynthesis
A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxyten is not produced.
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
A group of pigments that act as a light trapping system for photosynthesis.
Photosystem
A metabolic pathway in which acetyl groups are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide gas and some ATP molecules are formed. Also called Krebs cycle.
Citric acid cycle
A microorganism or virus that causes disease.
Pathogen
A pigment located in the membrane systems of purple sulfur bacteria that upon excitement by light, loses electrons and initiates photosynthetic reactions.
Bacteriochlorophyll
A pigmented molecule that functions in photosynthesis; exists free in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and within the chloroplasts of eukaryotes.
Chlorophyll
A reaction in the first part of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP.
Energy-fixing reactions
A reusable protein molecule that brings about a chemical change while remaining unchanged itself; the molecule may include a nonprotein part.
Enzyme
A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Glycolysis
A series of sequential steps in which energy is released from electrons as they pass from coenzymes to cytochromes, and ultimately, to oxygen gas; the energy is used to combine phosphate ions with ADP molecules to form ATP molecules.
Oxidative phosphorylation
A six-carbon sugar used as a major energy source for metabolism.
Glucose
A small, organic molecule of cellular respiration that functions in release of carbon dioxide gas and the transfer of electrons and protons to another coenzyme.
Coenzyme A (CoA)
A substance or substances resulting from a chemical reaction.
Product
A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on dead organic matter, such as rotting wood or compost.
Saprobe
A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on live organic matter such as another organism.
Parasite
An anabolic, energy-requiring process.
Endergonic reaction
An electron carrier that is part of oxidation phosphorylation.
Cytochrome
An energy-liberating process in which larger organic compounds are broken down into smaller ones
Catabolism
An energy-requiring process involving the synthesis of larger organic compounds from smaller ones
Anabolism
An enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme
An inorganic substance that acts with and is essential to the activity of an enzyme; examples include metal ions and some vitamins.
Cofactor
An organic molecule that forms the nonprotein part of an enzyme molecule.
Coenzyme
An organism that derives energy from chemical reactions and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide.
Chemoautotroph
An organism that derives energy from organic chemicals and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide gas
Chemoheterotroph
An organism that requires preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs.
Heterotroph
An organism that uses carbon dioxide gas as a carbon source.
Autotroph
An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide.
Photoheterotroph
An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide gas.
Photoautotroph
Multi-step enzyme-catalyzed reactions that start with an initial substrate and produce a final end product; glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are examples.
Metabolic pathway
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
Phosphorylation
The association of an enzyme with its substrate at the active site.
Enzyme-substrate complex
The breakdown of fatty acids during cellular metabolism through the successive removal from one end of two carbon units.
Beta oxidation
The end product of the glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Pyruvate
The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
Activation energy
The enzyme involved in forming ATP by using the energy in a proton gradient.
ATP synthase
The formation of ATP resulting from the transfer of phosphate from a substrate to ADP.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The gain of an electron pair by a molecule.
Reduction
The generation of ATP through the trapping of light.
Photophosphorylation
The loss of an electron pair from a molecule.
Oxidation
The measurement and analysis of metabolites in an organism.
Metabolomics
The part of oxidative phosphorylation that initially receives electron pairs from NADH and FADH and transfers the electrons eventually to a final inorganic electron acceptor.
Electron transport chain
The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that binds elsewhere than to active site of an enzyme.
Noncompetitive inhibition
The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for an enzyme’s active site.
Competitive inhibition
The process for transforming energy to ATP in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen gas.
Aerobic respiration
The process of converting chemical energy into cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular respiration
The process that generates ATP from exergonic metabolic reactions.
Cellular respiration
The production of ATP in the presence of an inorganic final electron acceptor other than oxygen gas.
Anaerobic respiration
The production of ATP using the organic compound pyruvate as the final electron acceptor.
Fermentation
The reactions of photosynthesis that “trap” carbon dioxide gas and require ATP and NADPH.
Carbon-fixing reactions
The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
Active site
The slowing down or prevention of a metabolic pathway when excess end product binds noncompetitively to an enzyme in the pathway.
Feedback inhibition
The substance(s) upon which an enzyme acts.
Substrate
The sum of all biochemical processes taking place in a living cell.
Metabolism
The synthesis of ATP as a result of proton pumping across a membrane.
Chemiosmosis
The type of fermentation carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide gas as the final end product.
Alcoholic fermentation
The use of a proton gradient across a membrane to generate cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Chemiosmosis
