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Personality Psych > Ch.9 - Inheritance Of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology > Flashcards

Ch.9 - Inheritance Of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Attempts to determine the degree in which individual differences in personality are caused by genetic and environmental differences

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2
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Attempts to explain personality traits as products of natural selection

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3
Q

Genes

A

Biochemical units of heredity that govern the development of an individual’s life

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4
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • the environment influences genetic expression,

* environment either promotes or discourages the appearance of certain traits

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5
Q

Eugenics

A
  • concerned with the genetic quality of people
  • promotes the reproduction of people with positive genetic traits and less offspring for those with unwanted genetic traits
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6
Q

Twin Studies in Personality Inheritance

A
  • when raised together, monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins
  • twins raised apart are almost as similar to each other as those living in the same home
  • if monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins, heritability is likely
  • heritability formula: 2(rmz - rdz)
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7
Q

Monozygotic Twins (MZ)

A

Share 100% of genes

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8
Q

Dizygotic Twins (DZ)

A

Shares 50% of genes

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9
Q

Adoption Studies

A
  • Big Five Traits correlate higher with monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins
  • psychotic traits have high heritability
  • occupational preferences
  • some attitudes (traditionalism) show high heritability, some show low heritability (religion)
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10
Q

Heritability

A
  • proportion of observed variance in group of individuals that can be explained by genetic variance
  • proportion of phenotypic variance that can be explained by genetic variance
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11
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s observable properties, physical and behavioral

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Underlying DNA sequence that an individual inherits

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13
Q

Variance

A

Measure of how much values in a set differ from the mean

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14
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that contain DNA molecules in the form of genes

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15
Q

Environmentality

A

Proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals attributable to environmental variance

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16
Q

Nonshared Environmental Variance

A

Features of the environment that children in the same home experience differently

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17
Q

Shared Environment

A

Home environment shared by siblings in the same family

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18
Q

Allele

A
  • form of a gene that occupies a given position on each pair of homologous chromosomes
  • one comes from the father, one from the mother
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19
Q

DRD4 Gene

A
  • gene located on the short arm of chromosome 11
  • codes for the dopamine receptor
  • association with a personality trait involving novelty seeking and ADHD
  • long repeat: higher on novelty seeking
  • short repeat: low on novelty seeking
20
Q

5-HTT Gene

A
  • related to the degree to which the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex work together
  • causes strong response to negative pictures
  • connections with social anxiety
21
Q

Gene-Environment Interactions

A
  • individuals with different genotypes respond differently to the same environments
  • individual differences interacting with the environment to affect performance
22
Q

Gene-Environment Correlations

A
  • Reactive
  • Evocative
  • Active
23
Q

Reactive Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

• the same environment can promote good outcomes for some people and bad outcomes for others

24
Q

Evocative Genotype-Environmental Correlation

A
  • parents respond to children differently depending on child’s genotype
  • babies that like cuddles and the mother’s cuddling behavior
25
Q

Active Genotype-Environment Correlation

A
  • person with particular genotype seeks out a particular environment
  • high sensation seekers expose themselves to risky environments
26
Q

Altruistic Behavior

A
  • helping others is a direct function of the recipients ability to enhance inclusive fitness of helpers
  • helping shared genes survive
27
Q

Inclusive Fitness Theory

A

• altruism between organisms that share some genes enables those genes to be passed on to future generations

28
Q

Social Anxiety

A

Adaptation to precent social exclusion

29
Q

Self-Esteem

A
  • view of self

* those who spend time with others have higher self esteem

30
Q

The Need to Belong

A
  • central motive of human nature
  • sharing food, information, resources
  • protection from threats
  • mates who are needed for reproduction
  • genetic similarity
31
Q

Sociometer Theory

A

The degree to which a person is accepted by others

32
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • successful variants are selected and unsuccessful variants are weeded out
  • over time, successful variants come to characterize entire species
33
Q

Adaptations

A

Inherited solutions to survival and reproductive problems posed by hostile forces or nature

34
Q

Differential Gene Reproduction

A

• reproductive success relative to others

35
Q

Kin Theory Selection

A

Key goal for all organisms is getting our genes into the next generation

36
Q

Manipulation Hypothesis

A

Emotions can be adaptive if they can exploit the psychological mechanisms of other people

37
Q

Depressed Emotions in Evolution

A

Melancholiness is a way for people to come together, encourages social cohesion

38
Q

Sexual Selection

A

• traits that contribute to an individual’s mating success are passed on to offspring

39
Q

Mating Strategies

A

Set of behaviors used by individuals to seek, attract, and retain mates

40
Q

Broaden-and-Build Hypothesis

A

Happy moods increase receptiveness to new ideas and opportunities

41
Q

Evolutionary-Predicted Sex Differences

A

The sexes differ in precisely those domains where they face different adaptive problems

42
Q

Complications of Sexual Selection

A
  • women who are too thin cannot bear children
  • larger women used to be considered ideal
  • attraction is influenced by more than physical characteristics
  • people in relationships tend to find others less attractive
43
Q

Sex Differences in Jealousy

A
  • men tend to be more jealous of sexual infidelity

* women tend to be more jealous of emotional infidelity

44
Q

Sex Differences in Mate Preferences

A
  • men place greater value on a woman’s physical appearance

* important characteristics in men-ambition, industriousness, and dependability-are important to women

45
Q

Individual Differences in Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • behavioral patterns evolved as reactions to particular environmental experiences
  • several possible behavioral strategies evolved
  • some behaviors may be frequency dependent
46
Q

Five Objections to Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • Methodology: backward speculation is difficult to test
  • Reproductive instinct
  • Conservatism
  • Human Flexibility
  • Biological determinism or social structure?
47
Q

Social Structure Theory

A

• emphasizes poverty, lack of education and marketable skills and subcultural values as the causes of crime

Personality Psych (14 decks)

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