Ch.13 - Culture and Personality

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

• shared system of meaning that provide the standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating, communicating, and acting among those who share a language, historic period, and geographic location
• the way people understand their world and make sense of it through a shared system of meaning

Question 2

Enculturation

Answer 2

The process of socialization through which an individual acquires his native culture

Question 3

Acculturation

Answer 3

The process of acquiring a new cultural outlook

Question 4

Cross-cultural Differences

Answer 4

• differences in attitudes, values, and behavioral styles that can cause misunderstandings
• behaviors normal in one culture can be seen very negatively in another

Question 5

Tough vs Easy Cultures

Answer 5

• variety or number of goals that can be pursued, and ease and number of ways of achieving goals

Question 6

Achievement and Affiliation

Answer 6

• the need to achieve could be assessed by looking at children’s stories
• high need for achievement is associated with faster industrial growth

Question 7

Tightness vs Looseness

Answer 7

• tolerance of deviation from proper behavior
• cultures that are ethnically homogeneous and densely populated tend to be tighter than cultures that are more diverse or spread out

Question 8

Head vs Heart

Answer 8

• strength of heart emphasizes fairness, mercy, gratitude, hope, love, and religion
• strengths of the head refers to artistic excellence, creativity, curiosity, critical thinking, and learning
• cities with strengths of head were more creative, had better job growth, and more diverse immigration patterns

Question 9

Countries in terms of Collectivism vs Individualism

Answer 9

• Asian cultures focus more on interdependence

* Western cultures focus more on independence

Question 10

Personality and Collectivism

Answer 10

• personality may have different meanings in different cultures
• there are more trait words in english than chinese
• traits predict behavior and behavior is consistent across situations in both cultures

Question 11

Self-regard

Answer 11

• need for positive self regard may be more important in individualistic cultures, different responses to success, failure, and negative self relevant information

Question 12

Agency or Independence

Answer 12

How you differentiate self from the larger group

Question 13

Characteristics of Collectivist vs Individualist Cultures

Answer 13

• social interactions - people in collectivist cultures spend more time in intimate social interactions
• people in individualistic cultures report more self focused emotions, people in collectivist cultures report more other focused emotion
• collectivist cultures focus more on avoiding loss of respect, individualist cultures focus more on achievement
• cause of behavior is assumed to be within the person for individualist cultures, in collectivist ones are expected to fit the social situation

Question 14

Honor Culture

Answer 14

• high honor is more common when laws and polices are weak or nonexistent and people must protect themselves
• appearing vulnerable can put one at risk