Ch.11 - Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research Flashcards
Neo-Freudian
Personality theorists who started their careers as followers of Freud but eventually disagreed with some of his principles
• disagreement with the importance Freud placed on psychosexual development
Modern Psychoanalytic Theory
- behavior reflects compromises in conflict between mental processes
- childhood plays an important role in personality development, shaping adult relationships
- mental representations of self and others guide interactions with others
- personality development involves moving from a immature socially dependent way of relating to others to a mature relationship
Alfred Adler
- emphasis on a sense of inferiority, for which an individual attempts to compensate for
- healthy people are motivated by goals related to others
- people are motivated by social factors
Masculine Protest
- Alfred Adler
- early experience caused some men to develop a yearning to prove their dominance and masculinity
- creates compensation, like loud cars or other compensating behaviors for insecurity
Organ Inferiority
- Alfred Adler
* everyone is born with some physical weaknesses
Overcompensation
- Alfred Adler
- involves striving for dominance, superiority, and self esteem
- defense mechanism involving overachieving in one area to compensate for failures in another department
Inferiority Complex
- Alfred Adler
- lack of self esteem coming from either a real or imagined psychological deficit
- constantly looking for an area to succeed in
Carl Jung
- emphasis on unconscious processes
- elements common from generation to generation
- includes the 3 parts of the mind/psyche: conscious ego, personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious
Jungian Ego
- conscious part of personality
- embodies the sense of self
- similar is to Freud’s concept of ego
Personal Unconscious
• the part of the unconscious mind containing an individual’s thoughts and feelings
Collective Unconscious
- inherited and common to all members of a species
* inherited images we all hold, passed from generation to generation
Archetypes
- images, ideas, categories in the collective unconscious
* self realization integrates archetypes into a more fully developed self
Jungian Function of Dreams
• reveals aspects of the personal unconscious, using archetypes
Jungian Extroversion/Introversion
• psychologically inward and outward
Jungian Ways of Thinking
- Rational - thinking
- Feeling - value
- Sensing - present in the world
- Intuiting - figuring something out, possibilities
Sensation
- immediate interpretation of the surrounding world
* no evaluation of the experience, does not consider context and implications
Intuition
- deeper perceptions of meaning
- does not take into account reality, but adds things into the situation not immediately seen
- explores the potential
Rational
- understanding reality through fact and analysis
* based on intellectual comprehension
Feeling
- affective, sentimental function
* subjective judgements about events that form opinions
Karen Horney
- argued that culture has an important role in development
- argued against Freud’s electra complex, implying the envy women feel towards men as more to do with the freedoms and privileges men enjoy
Womb Envy
• Freud’s interpretation that men feel jealousy towards women in regards to their inability to bear children
Fear of Success
• implies that gender differences in response to competition and achievement situations
Basic Anxiety
- fear of being alone and helpless in a hostile world
* adult behavior is often based on efforts to overcome basic anxiety from being raised by emotionally neglectful parents
Neurotic Needs
- needs that people feel but that are neither realistic nor truly desirable
- not really wanting something, may be contradictory
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
Trust vs Mistrust
- learns whether needs will be met, ignored, or overindulged
* development of hope and confidence
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- figuring out who is in charge
- opportunity to build self esteem
- or feel shame for being autonomous
Initiative vs Guilt
- anticipating and fantasizing about life as an adult
- curiosity, exploration
- developing a sense of right or wrong
Industry vs Inferiority
- developing skills and abilities to succeed in the world of work and contribute to society
- must begin to control unfocused energy
Identity vs Identity Confusion
- figuring out who I am and what is important to me
* choosing consistent and meaningful goals and values
Intimacy vs Isolation
• finding an intimate life partner
Generativity vs Stagnation
- turning concerns to the next generation
* or becoming passive with life
Integrity vs Despair
- brought on by prospect of death
* based on decisions in ones life and how one feels about them
Identity Achievement
- a likely progression would be from identity diffusion, going through identity moratorium, and finally to identity achievement
- finding a stable sense of self
Identity Moratorium
- being unhappy or unsettled in identity
* actively exploring alternatives
Identity Foreclosure
• commitment to an identity or values without exploring alternatives
Identity Diffusion
• avoid exploring or making commitments by remaining in an amorphous state of identity diffusion
Narrative Identity
- individuals form an identity by integrating their life experiences into an internalized, evolving story of the self
- provides individuals with a sense of unity and purpose in life
Object Relations
- Melanie Klein and DW Winnicott
- Objects are the idea that most important parts of life are relationships and that the superego is built from childhood identifications with people
- we relate to others based on images of them in their minds
- images dont always match reality
Four Principal Themes in Object Relations Theory
- Relationships have elements of satisfaction and frustration
- Mix of love and hate
- Distinction between parts of the love object and the whole person
- The psyche is aware of and disturbed by these contradictions
Paranoid Position
- neurotic defenses
* destroying the bad part of the love object
Depressive Position
- neurotic defense
* fear of losing the good part of the love object
Mental Images of Others
- our internalized interpretations of others
* first social attachments that the infant develops forms prototypes for all future meaningful relationships
Splitting of Love Objects
- it is too contradictory to love and hate the same person, leading to uses of neurotic defenses to ignore the bad
- separates the good and bad parts of a person
Transitional Object
- used to bridge the gap between fantasy and reality
* sentimental objects
Attachment Theory
- early attachment experiences and reactions of the infant to parents
- working models become internalized in the form of unconscious expectations about relationships
Strange Situation Test
• parent infant separation and reunion test that analyzes the security of a child’s attachment
Secure Attachment
- baby is secure when parent is present
- distressed by separation
- delighted by reunion
Anxious Ambivalent Attachment
- baby clings to parent
- cries at separation
- reacts with anger and the desire to be close to mother at reunion
Avoidant Attachment
- baby does not interact with parent when present
- baby is indifferent to separation
- does not interact with parent at return
