Ch.9 Flashcards
Air sac, alveolus
Alveol/o
Airway, bronchus
Bronch/o, bronch/i
Blood
Hem/o, hemat/o
Voice box, larynx
Laryng/o
A rounded part, lobe
Lob/o
Mucus
Muc/o
Nose
Nas/o, rhin/o
Oxygen
Ox/i
Throat, pharynx
Pharyng/o
Partition
Phragm/o, phragmat/o
Rib, pleura
Pleur/o
Air, lung
Pneum/o, pneumon/o
Lung
Pulmon/o
Putrefying; wall, partition
Sept/o
Chest, thorax
Thorac
Windpipe, trachea
Trache/o
The ________ brings oxygen into the bloodstream, where it is transported to all body cells
Respiratory system
The process of providing cells with oxygen is commonly known as
Respiration
In addition to bringing oxygen into the bloodstream, the ___________ also removes the waste product, carbon dioxide, from the blood and channels it outside the body
Respiratory system
When you inhale through the nose, air enters the body and flows through a series of chambers and tubes, known as the ____________
- It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Upper respiratory tract
The lower portion of the respiratory system, known as ________________, consists of the trachea in the neck and chest; the bronchial tree, which branches extensively throughout the lungs; the tiny air sacs within the lungs known as alveoli; and the lungs themselves
Lower respiratory tract
_______________ exchange occurs within the lungs across the walls of alveoli and adjacent capillaries and begins when air enters your alveoli during inhalation
-The oxygen in the air diffuses from the _________ into the capillaries to enter the bloodstream
-Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction (___________________), enabling you to remove the carbon dioxide from your blood with exhalation
Gas exchange
Alveoli
From capillaries to alveoli
Functions of the respiratory system
-Provides a stream of oxygen into the blood through the process of inhalation, followed by diffusion
-Removes carbon dioxide from the blood through the process of diffusion, followed by exhalation
The most common symptoms of respiratory disease are
Breathing problems
Lung disease is treated by a
Pulmonary specialist or Pulmonologist
Disease of the pharynx is treated by an
Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist or otolaryngologist
Lung cancer is treated by a cancer specialist or
Oncologist
Often assisting the physician is a ______________ who has received special training in the operation of equipment used to diagnose or treat breathing problems
Respiratory therapist
Without, absence of
A-, an-
Slow
Brady-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
Excessive, abnormally high, above
Hyper-
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Hypo-
Rapid, fast
Tachy-
Airway, bronchus
Bronch/o
Carbon dioxide
Capn/o
Blood
Hem/o
Voice box, larynx
Laryng/o
Straight
Orth/o
Oxygen
Ox/i
Nose
Rhin/o
Chest, thorax
Thorac/o
Condition of pain
-algia, -dynia
Condition of oxygen
-oxia
Condition of blood
-emia
Condition of sound or voice
-phonia
Breath
-pnea
To cough up
-ptysis
Abnormal discharge
-rrhagia
Sudden involuntary muscle contractions
-spasm
Dripping
-staxis
Absence of oxygen
-Occurs when oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues or organs is absent due to any cause
Anoxia
IS the absence of voice
Aphonia
A longer-than-normal pause between breaths
Apnea
A common form of apnea is ____________, in which one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths occur while sleeping
-The pauses may last for a few seconds to several minutes, usually anywhere from 5 to 30 or more times per hour
-When normal breathing resumes, a choking or snorting sound is often made
Sleep apnea
An abnormal slowing of the breathing rhythm
Bradypnea
A narrowing of the airway caused by the contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the tiny tubes known as bronchioles within the lungs is called
-Common sign of the respiratory disease, asthma
Bronchospasm
The sign known as _______________ is a repeated pattern of distressed breathing marked by a gradual increase of deep breathing, followed by shallow breathing and apnea
-Is a sign pf brain dysfunction or congestive heart failure
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Is the symptom of a hoarse voice
Dysphonia
Is the symptom of difficult breathing, usually caused by a respiratory disease or cardiac disorder
Dyspnea
A normal breathing rhythm is called
Eupnea
A nosebleed is clinically called
-Can be a sign of high blood pressure, a nasal sinus infection, inhalation of a toxic irritant or particle, or a blow to the face
Epistaxis
Epistaxis is also called
Rhinorrhagia
The symptom of coughing up and spitting out blood is called
Hemoptysis
Is the pooling of blood within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs
Hemothorax
Excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood is a sign of respiratory failure and is called
Hypercapnia
Carbon dioxide blood levels are deficient, or abnormally low, is
Hypocapnia
The sign of abnormally deep breathing or an abnormally high rate of breathing is called _________ and is common among patients suffering from the respiratory disease, emphysema
-Is also a common symptom of heart failure
Hyperpnea
The sign of abnormally rapid shallow breathing is more common among patients experiencing anxiet (panic) attacks and is called
Hyperventilaiton
Abnormally shallow breathing is
Hypopnea
A reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body’s gas exchange demands is called
Hypoventilation
Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood is a sign of a respiratory deficiency called
Hypoxemia
Is the sign of abnormally low levels of oxygen throughout the body
Hypoxia
Is the closure of the glottis, the opening into the larynx, due to muscular contractions of the throat
Laryngospasm
Is the limited ability to breathe when lying down and becomes relieved when sitting upright
Orthopnea
Refers to a sudden onset of symptomatic sharp pain or a convulsion
-When used with the respiratory system, it refers to a severe coughing speel
Paroxysm
Respiratory diseases often include the symptom of __________, which is an expectorated (coughed out from the lungs) matter
-Contains mucus, inhaled particulates, and sometimes pus or blood
Sputum
Rapid breathing
Tachypnea
The symptom of pain in the chest region is called
Thoracalgia
Alternate term for thoracalgia with the same meaning is
Thoracodynia
Without, absence of
A-
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
Incomplete
Atel/o
Airway, bronchus
Bronch/o, bronch/i
Cancer
Carcin/o
Coccidioides immitis (a fungus)
Coccidioid/o
Dust
Coni/o
Bladder, sac
Cyst/o
Plug
Embol/o
Fiber
Fibr/o
Opening into the windpipe
Glott/o
Voice box, larynx
Laryng/o
Fungus
Myc/o
Nose
Nas/o
Throat, pharynx
Pharyng/o
Rib, pleura
Pluer/o
Air, lung
Pneum/o, pneumon/o
Lung
Pulmon/o
Pus
Py/o
Nose
Rhin/o
Cavity
Sinus/o
Pulse
Sphyx/o
Narrow
Sten/o
Almond, tonsil
Tonsill/o
Windpipe, trachea
Trache/o
Little swelling
Tubercul/o
Pertaining to
-al, -ary, -ic
Expansion, dilation
-ectasis
Pertaining to producing, forming
-genic
Condition of
-ia, -osis
Condition or disease
-ism
Inflammation
-itis
Tumor
-oma
Is the absence of respiratory ventilation
Asphyxia
A chronic condition of the lungs that is characterized by widespread narrowing of the bronchioles, bronchospasms, and formation of mucous plugs is known as
-Produces the symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB), chest pain, and frequent coughing during an episode, the frequency of which varies with every patient
Asthma
When asthma is complicated with bronchitis, it is referred to as
Asthmatic bronchitis
The alveoli in the lungs normally retain a small amount of air even during a forced expiration, which prevents them from collapsing completely. In the condition called ___________, trauma or disease disables this protective mechanism and causes the alveoli to collapse, preventing air from entering
Atelectasis
When the alveoli in a lung collapse due to the abnormal entry of air into the pleural cavity, the condition is commonly called
Collapsed lung
Is a chronic, abnormal dilation (widening) of the bronchi
Bronchiectasis
Inflammation of the bronchi is called ____________________. Bronchi are large tubes that branch into much smaller tubes within the lungs known as bronchioles. When these small air tubes undergo inflammation, the condition is called ____________________. ____________ is usually associated with a respiratory tract infection. ____________ is usually caused by smoking, although allergies may cause this condition in some people. Bronchiolitis can be caused by either infection or allergy and can become life-threatening if the swelling closes off airflow to the alveoli.
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Acute Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis
An aggressive form of cancer arising from cells within the bronchi is known as
Bronchogenic carcinoma
It is well established that smoking tobacco products is the cause of at least ____ of all cases of bronchogenic carcinoma
90%
Bronchogenic carcinoma is commonly referred to as
Lung cancer
Two major types of lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
An acute inflammatory disease involving the bronchioles and the alveoli is called
-It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that involves the bronchi and the soft tissue of the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill with fluid and leading to the loos of air space
Bronchopneumonia
Bronchopneumonia often occurs in a lobe of a lung, lending it the alternate name of
Lobar pneumonia
A reduced flow of air to and from the alveoli in the lungs may be the result of chronic bronchitis or emphysema. When both conditions appear simultaneously, the diagnosis is given as
-It is a progressive disease (gets worse with time) that makes breathing very difficult and is primarily caused by smoking tobacco products
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A fungal infection of the upper respiratory tract, which often spreads to the lungs and other organs is called
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis is also called
Valley fever
The common cold is caused by a virus that infects the upper respiratory tract, resulting in local inflammation. The condition is clinically called ______
-Because a cold is an acute illness, it is often called ___________
-It is also called __________ due to the inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Coryza
Acute coryza
Rhinitis
A viral infectious disease that is relatively common among infants and young children produces a characteristic hoarse cough with a sound resembling the bark of a dog or seal. Commonly known as _______, the cough results from a swelling of the larynx in response to a viral infection
-The clinical term is _________
Croup
Laryngotracheobronchitis
A sever hereditary disease that is characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and elsewhere is called
-Causes difficulty breathing because of the dense mucus that obstructs the airway
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
A chronic lung disease characterized by the symptoms of dyspnea, a chronic cough, formation of a barrel chest due to labored breathing, and a gradual deterioration caused by chronic hypoxemia and hypercapnia is called
Emphysema
Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema, and when it is combined with chronic bronchitis, the patient is diagnosed with
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Inflammation of the epiglottis is called
-Is usually caused by a bacterial infection that spreads from the throat to the epiglottis and can be very serious because of the danger of it causing airway obstruction, especially among children
Epiglottitis
An acute inflammation of the larynx is called
Laryngitis
A form of pneumonia that is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila is called
Legionnaires’ disease or Legionellosis
Inflammation of the nose and pharynx is called
-Caused by an allergic reaction or bacterial or viral infection
Nasopharyngitis
An acute infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi that produces spasmodic coughing is called
Pertussis
Pertussis is commonly called
Whooping cough
Inflammation of the pharynx is called
Pharyngitis
In the disease _______________, fluid leaks into the pleural cavity
-Usually occurs as a response by the body to injury or infection of the pleural membranes surrounding the lungs
Pleural
Inflammation of the pleural membranes is called
Pleuritis or pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membranes and the lungs is a disease called
Pleurophneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs, when caused by the chronic inhalation of fine particles, is called
Pneumoconiosis
The most common forms of pneumoconiosis are __________, caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, and ____________, caused by inhalation of fine silicone dust
Asbestosis
Silicosis
Inflammation of soft lung tissue (excluding the bronchi) that results in the formation of an exudate (fluid) within alveoli is the general condition known as
Pneumonia
In inflammatory condition of the lungs that is independent of a particular cause is called
Pneumonitis
Is the abnormal presence of air or gas within the pleural cavity
-It is caused by a penetrating injury to the chest or severe coughing and leads to ___________
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung
The accumulation of fluid within the lungs is a response to infection or injury and is called
-Common cause is cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure
-Is often associated with pneumonia and pneumonitis
Pulmonary edema
A blood clot that moves along the bloodstream is called an
Embolus
An embolism can become dangerous if it lodges in a blood vessel, causing an occlusion that blocks the flow of blood to form an _________
Embolism
A blockage in the pulmonary circulation by a blood clot is called
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
The presence of pus in the pleural cavity is called
Pyothorax
Pyothorax is also known as
Empyema
A severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid respiratory failure is known as
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Two forms of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Type of respiratory distress syndrome that affects newborns
-Caused by insufficient surfactant, which is an oily substance produced by alveolar cells
-Mainly strikes premature infants because they have not yet developed the ability to produce surfactant
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
Form of respiratory distress syndrome that affects adults
-Caused by severe lung infections or injury that result in damage to lung capillary walls and bronchioles, causing a rapid accumulation of purulent fluid into alveoli and bronchioles that places the patient in immediate danger of drowning in their own fluids
Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Inflammation of the mucus membrane lining the nasal cavity is called
Rhinitis
A severe, rapid-onset viral infection resulting in respiratory distress that includes acute lung inflammation, alveolar damage, and atelectasis is called
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Similar to rhinitis, the condition known as ___________ is an inflammation of the mucus membranes, It affects the nasal cavity and also the paranasal sinuses that are located within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones of the skull
Sinusitis
Inflammation of one or more tonsils is called
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the trachea is called __________
-It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that travels downward from the larynx. If the inflammation leads to a narrowing of the trachea, it is called _____________
Tracheitis
Tracheostenosis
Infection of the lungs by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the disease
Tuberculosis (TB)
A generalized infection of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx) is called
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Against, opposite of
Anti-
Within
Endo-
Gland
Aden/o
Blood vessel
Angi/o
Airway, bronchus
Bronch/o
To widen
Dilat/o
Voice box, larynx
Laryng/o
A rounded part, lobe
Lob/o
Ear
Ot/o
Oxygen
Ox/i
Pleura, rib
Pleur/o
Lung, air
Pneum/o, pneumon/o
Lung
Pulmon/o
Nose
Rhin/o
Putrefying; wall, partition
Sept/o
Breathe
Spir/o
Chest, thorax
Thorac/o
Windpipe, trachea
Trache/o
Pertaining to
-al, -ary,
Surgical puncture
-centesis
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
A record or image
-gram
Recording process
-graphy
Process
-ion
One who studies
-logist
Measure, measuring instrument
-meter
Measurement, process of measuring
-metry
Resembling
-oid
Surgical repair
-plasty
Instrument used for viewing
-scope
Process of viewing
-scopy
Surgical creation of an opening
-stomy
Incision, to cut
-tomy
A clinical test performed on sputum to identify the presence of bacteria that react to acid is called
-Frequently used with chest x-rays to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis
Acid-fast bacilli smear (AFB)
A pharyngeal tonsil is called an
Adenoid
Surgical removal of an adenoid
Adenoidectomy
Because the adenoid is one of several types of tonsils, its removal may also be called
Tonsillectomy
A therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of histamines is called an
-A histamine is a compound released by certain cells in response to allergens
Antihistamines
A clinical test on arterial blood to identify the levels of oxygen and carbond dioxide is called
Arterial blood gases (ABG)
The removal of fluid, air, or foreign bodies with suction is a procedure called
Aspiration
A procedure that involves listening to sounds within the body as part of a physical examination, often with the aid of a stethoscope, is called
Auscultation
A procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent to relax the smooth muscles of the airways in an effort to stop bronchial constriction, thereby allowing the patient to breathe easier is called
Bronchodilation
The x-ray imaging of the bronchi is called
Bronchography
A bronchography produces an x-ray image of the bronchi called a
Bronchogram
The Evalution of the bronchi using a flexible fiber-optic tube mounted with a small lens at one end and attached to an eyepiece and computer monitor at the other end is called
-The instrument is modified endoscope, known as a ____________, which is inserted through the nose to observe the trachea and bronchi
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscope
Diagnostic imaging of the chest by a computed tomography (CT) instrument is called
-The procedure is used to diagnose respiratory tumors, pleural effusion, pleuritis, and other disease by providing three- dimensional images of the thoracic cavity
Chest CT scan
An x-ray image of the thoracic cavity that is used to diagnose tuberculosis, tumors, and other conditions of the lungs is called
Chest x-ray (CXR)
also called chest radiograph
A device that is commonly used to regulate breathing during sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea is called
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A physician specializing in the treatment of upper respiratory disease is called an
Ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT)
Alternate terms for an ENT are
Otolaryngologist
Otonasolaryngologist
Otorhinolaryngologist
Insertion of a noncollapsible breathing tube into the trachea through the nose or mouth is called
endotracheal intubation
A drug that breaks up mucus and promotes the coughing reflex to expel the mucus is called an
Expectorant
A valuable postoperative breathing therapy is called
-It involves the use of a portable __________ to promote deeper breathing to improve lung expansion after an operation
Incentive spirometry
Spirometer
An ____________________ is commonly used as a primary self-administered response to asthma and may be prescribed for other breathing disorders as well.
-Two types are in general use: a _____________ is used regularly to help prevent asthma symptoms by controlling lung inflammation, and a ______________ is used to stop asthma symptoms once they have begun
Inhaler
Controller inhaler
Rescue inhaler
Surgical removal of the larynx is performed during a
Laryngectomy
A diagnostic procedure that uses a modified endoscope, called a ______________, to visually examine the larynx is called
Laryngoscope
Laryngoscopy
A surgical incision into the larynx and trachea is usually performed to provide a secondary opening for inspiration and expiration, allowing air to bypass the upper respiratory tract is called a
Laryngotracheotomy
Surgical removal of a single lobe of a lung is sometimes required as a treatment for lung cancer, f the tumor is isolated in one lobe (the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two). The procedure is called a
Lobectomy
A medical treatment to provide supplemental oxygen to patients in respiratory distress is called _________
-It provides assisted breathing using a ventilator, which pushes air into the patient’s airway
Mechanical ventilation
Ventilator
A device used to convert a liquid medication to a mist and deliver it to the lungs with the aid of deep inhalation is called a
Nebulizer
The procedure that measures oxygen levels in the blood using an instrument called an __________ is called _____________
Oximeter
Oximetry
A small, widely used oximeter that provides a digital readout of oxygen levels is called a __________ because it also monitors pulse rate
Pulse oximeter
The surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity is a diagnostic procedure called
Pleurocentesis
Pleurocentesis is also called
Thoracentesis or thoracocentesis
Surgical removal of a lung is called
Pneumonectomy or pneumectomy
A diagnostic procedure that evaluates the blood circulation of the lungs is called
Pulmonary angiography
A series of diagnostic tests performed to determine the cause of lung disease by evaluating lung capacity through the use of spirometry
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Spirometry involves breathing into a tube connected to an instrument called a
Spirometer
Measures the amount of air inhaled during a normal breathing cycle, called a tidal volume (TV), the amount of air forcefully exhaled, called expiratory reserve volume (ERV), the volume of air forcefully inhaled, called inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and other values
Spirometry
A physician specializing in the treatment of disease affecting the lower respiratory tract, particularly the lungs, is called a
Pulmonary specialist or pulomologist
An emergency procedure that is used to restore breathing is known as
Pulmonary resuscitation
Most common form of pulmonary resuscitation is
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Surgical repair of the nose
-Although this procedure is commonly used to modify the external appearance of the nose during cosmetic surgery, it may include ___________, during which deviation of the nasal septum is corrected to improve breathing
Rhinoplasty
Septoplasty
A simple skin test to determine the presence of a tuberculosis infection is called a
TB skin test
TB skin test is also called
PPD skin test an Mantoux skin test
Surgical puncture using a needle and syringe into the thoracic cavity to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnosis or treatment is called a
Thoracentesis or thoracocentesis or pleurocentesis
Surgical puncture into the chest cavity, usually for the insertion of a drainage or air tube is called a
Thoracostomy
Is a surgical incision into the chest wall
Thoracotomy
Surgical repair of the trachea is called
Tracheoplasty
Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea, usually for the insertion of a breathing tube is called
Tracheostomy
Surgical incision into the trachea is a required part of a tracheostomy. The incision is called a
tracheotomy
A diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine, or the use of radioactive material, to evaluate pulmonary function is called
Ventilation-perfusion scanning or lung scan or V/G scan
