Ch.8 Flashcards
Blood vessel
Angi/o
Aorta
Aort/o
Artery
Arter/o, arteri/o
Atrium
Atri/o
Heart
Cardi/o
Crown or circle, heart
Coron/o
Muscle
My/o, myos/o
Chest
Pect/o, pector/o
Little valve
Valvul/o
Vessel
Vas/o
Little vessel
Vascul/o
Vein
Ven/o
Little belly, ventricle
Ventricul/o
The movement and transport of blood is achieved by the
Cardiovascular system
Carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
Carry blood toward the heart
Veins
Bridge arteries and veins, whose thin walls permit exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid
Microscopic capillaries
Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products by way of the body’s circulation within a series of closed tubes called
Blood vessels
Three types of blood vessels
Arteries, veins, microscopic capillaries
The continuous flow of blood to all tissues ius vital to maintain _________
normal body functions
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Propulsion of blood by the heart
- Transport of blood to all body tissues by the blood vessels
- Exchange of materials between the blood and body tissues
The result of _______________ is often the reduction or stoppage of blood flow to one or more parts of the body, which results in the death of cells
Cardiovascular disease
The division of medicine known as ________ provides clinical treatment for heart disease
Cardiology
A physician who specializes in cardiology
-Also treat conditions associated with blood vessels because of the close functional relationship between blood vessels and the heart
Cardiologist
Without, absence of
A-
Slow
Brady-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Rapid, fast
Tachy-
Blood vessel
Angi/o
Heart
Cardi/o
Blue
Cyan/o
Chest
Pect/o, pector/o
Rhythm
Rythm/o, rrhythm/o
Narrow
Sten/o
Singular
-a
Condition of pain
-algia, -dynia
Pertaining to producing, forming
-genic
Condition of
-ia, -osis
Paralysis
-plegia
State of
-sis
Sudden involuntary muscle contraction
-spasm
The primary symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart is chest pain called
Angina pectoris
Blood vessel disorders include abnormal muscular contractions, or spasms, of the smooth muscles in the vessel walls. This sign is called
Angiospasm
Narrowing of a blood vessel is a sign of cardiovascular disease, causing a reduction of blood flow to the part of the body at the receiving end of the narrowed vessel
Angiostenosis
Heartbeat without rhyme or reason
Arrhythmia
Heartbeat with an abnormal rhythm
Dysrhythmia
Abnormally slow heart rate
-Usually under 60 beats per minute at rest
Bradycardia
Condition of pain in the chest
Cardiodynia
Common term for condition of pain in the chest
Chest pain (CP)
Refers to a symptom or sign that originates from a condition of the heart
Cardiogenic shock
A symptom in which blue tinge is seen in the skin and mucous membranes is called
-Caused by oxygen deficiency in tissues and is common sign of respiratory failure often caused by cardiovascular disease
Cyanosis
A symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat is called
Palpitatus
A rapid heart rate is called
-Exceeds 100 beats per minute at rest
Tachycardia
A temporary loss of consciousness and posture is known as
-Often result of a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain
Syncope
Common term for syncope
Fainting
Within
Endo-
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
Excessive, abnormally high, above
Hyper-
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Hypo-
Around
Peri-
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
Blood vessels
Angi/o
Aorta
Aort/o
Artery
Arter/o, Arteri/o
Fatty plague
Ather/o
Heart
Cardi/o
Crown or circle, heart
Coron/o
Blood
Hem/o
Hold back
Isch/o
Muscle
My/o
Vein
Phleb/o
Hard
Scler/o
Putrefying; wall, partition
Sept/o
Narrow
Sten/o
Plug
Tampon/o
Pressure
Tens/o
Clot
Thromb/o
Little valve
Valvul/o
Dilated vein
Varic/o
Pertaining to
-ac, -al, -ar, -ic
Process
-ade, -ion
Condition of blood
-emia
Inflammation
-itis
Abnormally large
-megaly
Tumor
-oma
Disease
-pathy
An abnormal bulging of an arterial wall is called an
-Usually caused by a congenital defect or an acquired weakness of the arterial wall, which worsens in time as blood is pushed against it
Aneurysm
Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels is a disease called
Angiocarditis
A term describing a tumor arising from a blood vessel
-Benign clump of endothelium forming a mass
-Can obstruct the flow of blood through a vessel
Angioma
Also a term describing a tumor arising from a blood vessel
-Second meaning: a red or purple birthmark on the skin that does not obstruct blood flow
Hemangioma
The aortic valve is the semilunar valve located at the base of the aorta, which normally prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle. If it fails to close completely during ventricular diastole, blood may return to the left ventricle, causing the left ventricle to work harder. This condition is called
Aortic insufficiency (AI)
Alternate term for AI is
Aortic regurgitation
Is a narrowing of the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and aorta
-Usually more serious than aortic insufficiency
-Causes left ventricle to work harder
Aortic stenosis
Inflammation of the aorta is called
-Often caused by a bacterial infection, it can lead to acute aortic insufficiency
Aortitis
A general term for a disease of an artery is
Arteripathy
One common form of arteriopathy occurs when an artery wall becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, resulting in a reduced flow of blood to the tissues
Arteriosclerosis
If coronary arteries supplying the heart are damaged by arteriosclerosis, the condition is called
Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
A term describing a specific form of arteriosclerosis in which one or more fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries is called
-The plaque thickens with time, which reduces the flow of blood through the affected vessel
Atherosclerosis
A general condition present at birth that centers on a malfunction of the heart is called a
Congenital heart disease
One form of this disease occurs when an infant’s heart allows blood to move between the two atria because of a small opening in the wall separating of blood flow to the lungs.
-Results in a reduction of blood flow to the lungs
Atrial septal defect
The atria have become abnormally enlarged or dilated, reducing their ability to push blood into ventricles
Atriomegaly
An injury to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which normally receives impulses from the sinoatrial node (SA node) and transmits them to the ventricles to stimulate ventricular contraction is called an
Atrioventricular block (AV block)
Cessation of heart activity is called
-In _______________ the patient may have little or no warning signs; often this causes death
Cardiac arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
Acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity is known as
Cardiac tamponade
The abnormal enlargement of the heart is called ________, which occurs when the heart must work harder than normal to meet the oxygen demands of body cells
Cardiomegaly
A general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart is
Cardiomyopathy
An inflammation of the valves of the heart is called
Cardiovalvulitis
A congenital (present at birth) heart disease affecting the infant’s aorta is
-causes reduced systemic circulation of blood and accumulation of fluid in the lungs and requires surgical repair
Coarctation of the aorta
A chronic form of heart disease characterized by the failure of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic tissues is called
Congestive heart failure (CHF) or left-ventricular failure
A chronic enlargement and reduced efficiency of the right ventricle resulting from backup of the pulmonary circulation is called
Cor pulmonale or right-ventricular failure
A general term for a disease that afflicts the coronary arteries supplying the heart is
-Most common form is atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Because the coronary arteries supply the heart with blood, an alternate term to coronary artery disease is
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Is a blockage within a coronary artery, resulting in a reduced blood flow to an area of the heart muscle
Coronary occlusion
A blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or other foreign particle (including air or fat) moves through the circulation is called an
Embolism
An embolism can produce a severe circulatory restriction when the blood clot or particle, called an _________ (plural form is _________), lodges in an artery
Embolus
Emboli
Inflammation of the endocardium, the thin membrane lining the inside walls of the heart chambers, is an acute disease called
Endocarditis
A condition of uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle forming the ventricles or atria is called
Fibrillation
Two forms of fibrillaiton
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
Ventricular fibrillation
Leads to a reduction of blood expelled from the atria and is usually not fatal, although it poses an increased risk of stroke due to blood clots forming in the left atrium that may lodge in the brain
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
Results in circulatory collapse due to the failure of the ventricles to expel blood
-Is often fatal within 5 minutes if medical intervention through CPR or defibrillation is not immediately available
Ventricular fibrillation
A blocked or delay of the normal electrical conduction of the heart is called
-Often the result of a myocardial infarction that damages the SA node or AV node, which normally manage the rhythmic contractions of the heart
Heart block
An abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart is a
Heart murmur
A common source of heart murmur is a leaky mitral valve and is known as
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
The presence of dilated, or varicose, veins in the anal region is called
-It usually results from too much pressure on the veins in the anal wall, producing swollen veins within the anal columns _____________ or near the anal opening __________
Hemorrhoids
Internal hemorrhoids
External hemorrhoids
Persistently high blood pressure while at rest is an abnormal condition called
-It includes ___________, in which the condition is not traceable to a single cause, and __________, in which the high blood pressure is caused by the effects of another disease, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes
Hypertension
Essential hypertension
Secondary hypertension
A condition of abnormally low blood pressure is called
Hypotension
An abnormally low flow of blood to the tissues is the condition known as
- __________ is caused by an occlusion, such as atherosclerotic plaque, emboli, or thrombosis, and, because it damages the heart, can lead to a life-threatening myocardial infarction
Ischemia
Coronary ischemia
Death of a portion of the myocardium is called
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Common name for myocardial infarction (MI) is
Heart attack
Inflammation of the myocardium of the heart is an acute condition called
Myocarditis
A congenital condition characterized by an opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta at birth due to a failure of the fetal vessel, called the ductus arteriosus, to close is called
Patent ductus arteriosus
Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, the pericardium, is called
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the vein
Phlebitis
The inflammation of the vein includes an obstruction by a blood clot
Thrombophlebitis
Simultaneous inflammation of many arteries is a condition known as
Polyarteritis
A bacterial infection of the bloodstream is called
Septicemia
A severe congenital disease in which four defects associated with the heart are present at birth is called
-The four defects are pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, incorrect position of the aorta, and right-ventricular hypertrophy
Tetralogy of Fallot
The presence of stationary blood clots within one or more blood vessels is called
-____________ is often caused by atherosclerosis, and its rupture can result in sudden cardiac arrest due to an acute myocardial infarction
Thrombosis
Coronary thrombosis
An abnormally dilated vein is called
Varicosis or varicose vein
A congenital disease in which an opening in the septum separating the right and left ventricles is present at birth is called
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Within
Endo-
Beyond normal
Ultra-
Blood vessel
Angi/o
Aorta
Aort/o
Artery
Arter/o, arteri/o
Heart
Cardi/o
Crown or circle, heart
Coron/o
Sound
Ech/o
Electricity
Electr/o
Plug
Embol/o
Thin, scanty
Man/o
Vein
Phleb/o
Lung
Pulmon/o
Sound
Son/o
Pulse
Sphygm/o
Clot
Thromb/o
Little valve
Valvul/o
Pertaining to
-ac, -ary
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
A record or image
-gram
Recording process
-graphy
One who specializes
-ist
Pertaining to loosen, dissolve
-lytic
Measure, measuring instrument
-meter
Measurement, process of measuring
-metry
Surgical repair
-plasty
Suturing
-rrhaphy
Process of viewing
-scopy
Surgical creation of an opening
-stomy
Incision, to cut
-tomy
A diagnostic procedure that includes x-ray photography, MRI, or CT scan images of blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium is called
Angiography
The image resulting from an angiography is called an
Angiogram
When the angiography is focused on the heart, it is called
Cardiac angiography or coronary angiography
The surgical repair of a blood vessel is generally known as
Angioplasty
Surgical repair in which a balloon is inserted into a blocked vessel and inflated
Balloon angioplasty
Surgical repair that uses a laser beam to open a blocked artery
Laser angioplasty
The use of a flexible fiber-optic instrument, or endoscope, to observe a disease blood vessel and to assess any lesions is a procedure called
Angioscopy
The endoscope is often a modified instrument, called an __________, which includes a camera at one end and a video monitor at the opposite end
Angioscope
The surgical procedure that involves the creation of an opening into a blood vessel, usually for the insertion of a catheter, is called
Angiostomy
The surgical incision into a blood vessel is called
Angiotomy
A procedure that obtains an x-ray image, MRI, or CT scan image of the aorta is called
Aortography
The image from an aortography is called an
Aortogram
A procedure that obtains an image of an artery is known as
Arteriography
The image from an arteriography is called an
Arteriogram
An incision into an artery is called an______
-It is is usually performed to repair an injured artery during a procedure known as an ___________
-The conclusion of the procedure is achieved by suturing the opening, called _______
Arteriotomy
Arterioplasty
Arteriorraphy
An important part of a physical examination involves listening to internal sounds using a _________ and is called ___________
Stethoscope
Auscultation
Insertion of a narrow flexible tube, called a __________, through a blood vessel leading to the heart is called ___________
Catheter
Cardiac catheterization
Is a battery-powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired to the inner wall of the heart to help control abnormal heart rhythms. It produced timed electric pulses that replace the function of the SA node as a treatment for a heart block and certain other arrhythmias
Cardiac pacemaker
An emergency procedure that is used to maintain some blood flow to vital organs until the heart can be restarted is
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
A surgical procedure that involves removing a blood vessel from another part of the body and inserting it into the coronary circulation is called
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
An artificial, metallic scaffold that is used to support an injured blood vessel, compress an atherosclerotic plaque, or anchor a surgical implant or graft us called a
Stent
In coronary circulation, a _____________ may be implanted into a coronary artery that is occluded to restore blood flow to an oxygen-deprived part of the heart
-It may also be used to prevent closure of a coronary artery after angioplasty
Coronary stent
In cases in which an arrhythmia progresses to the state of ventricular fibrillation, an electric charge may be applied to the chest wall to stop the heart conduction system momentarily, then restart it to establish a more normal heart rhythm. This procedure is called ___________
-In most cases, the electric charge is applied to the skin of the chest with paddles using an ________________
-Alternatively, a smaller device may be surgically implanted under the skin with electrodes terminating directly on the heart. This device is called an ____________
Defibrillator
Automated external defibrillator (AED)
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
An ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow through a blood vessel is called
Doppler sonography
An ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through the heart to observe heart structures in an effort to evaluate heart function is called __________
-The procedure may also be called __________
-The record or image of the data is typically called an ___________
-If a heart condition is suspected, it is often performed during or immediately after exercise using a treadmill or stationary bicycle to reproduce the dysfunction for closer evaluation, in the procedure known as a
Echocardiography
cardiac ultrasonography
echocardiogram
Stress ECHO
In the procedure known as _____________, electrodes are pasted to the skin of the chest to detect and record the electrical events of the heart conduction system
Electrocardiography
The record or image of the data from an electrocardiography is called
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
When a electrocardiography is used during physical activity using a treadmill or stationary bicycle, it is called a
Stress ECG
The surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus, is called
Embolectomy
The removal of the inner lining of an artery to remove a fatty plaque is a surgical procedure called
Endarterectomy
A portable electrocardiograph may be worn by the patient to monitor electrical activity of the heart over 24-hour periods. The device is called a __________ and is useful in detecting periodic or transient cardiac abnormalities
Holter monitor
A drug that is commonly used as an emergency vasodilator to treat severe angina pectoris or myocardial infarction is the compound
Nitroglycerin
Is a procedure involving the surgical removal of a vein
Phlebectomy
A puncture into a vein to remove blood for sampling or donation is called
Phlebotomy
A healthcare professional who performs phlebotomy is called a
Phlebotomist
A noninvasive procedure that provides blood flow images using ________________________ techniques combined with radioactive isotope labeling may be used to produce images of the heart to reveal functional defects. The procedure is called
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography scan (PET scan)
A common procedure that measures arterial blood pressure is called ___________
-It utilizes a device called a ___________, which consists of an arm cuff and air pressure pump with a pressure gauge
Sphygmomanometry
Sphygmomanometer
Treatments to dissolve unwanted blood clots are often necessary after surgery to prevent the development of emboli. It is also performed soon after a myocardial infarction to minimize damage to the heart and is credited with saving many lives. Known as ___________, it includes the use of drugs such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
Thrombolytic therapy
A heart condition is suspected, a cardiologist will often require the patient to undergo exercise echocardiography or electrocardiography (or both) in an effort to examine heart function under stress. The most common term for this procedure is
Treadmill stress test
The surgical repair of a heart valve is called
Valvuloplasty
