Ch.4 Flashcards
The human body in health and disease
Abdomen
Abdomin/o
Front
Anter/o
Arm
Brachi/o
Heart
Cardi/o
Tail
Caud/o
Head
Cephal/o
Neck
Cervic/o
Gristle, cartilage
Chondr/i
Skull
Cran/o, crani/o
Cell
Cyt/o
Distant
Dist/o
Back
Dors/o
Thigh, femur
Femor/o
Stomach
Gastr/o
Buttock
Glute/o
Same
Hom/o, Home/o
Flank, hip, groin
ili/o
Below
Infer/o
Groin
Inguin/o
Side
Later/o
Loin, lower back
Lumb/o
Middle
Medi/o
Tool
Organ/o
Bowl, basin
Pelv/o
Nature
Physi/o
Pleura, rib
Pleur/o
Back
Poster/o
Near
Proxim/o
Above
Super/o
Chest, thorax
Thorac/o
To cut
Tom/o
Navel, umbilicus
Umbilic/o
Belly
Ventr/o
The study of body structure
Anatomy
Study of nature
Physiology
Maintaining internal stability
Homeostasis
Most basic form of life in the body
Cell
Cells may be arranged into similar groups to form…
Tissues
Four types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Two or more different tissues combine to form…
Organ
A group of organs sharing a general function
System
Simplest building block of the body
Atom
Atoms bind together to form
Molecules
Molecules combine to form, nonliving structures such as parts of cells called
Organelles
Transports substances to and from body cells
Cardiovascular system
Exchanges gases between the external environment and blood
Respiratory System
Removes nitrogenous waste and excess water and salt from the bloodstream
Urinary system
Removes unwanted substances and recycle fluid to the bloodstream
Lymphatic system
Prepares foods for absorption into the bloodstream and eliminate solid wastes
Digestive system
Produces female gametes for fertilization and provide support for prenatal development
Female reproduction
Produces male gametes for fertilization and a means to inseminate a female
Male reproduction
Controls homeostasis by releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which alter body functions
Endocrine system
Controls homeostasis by sensing changes in the environment, processing information, and initiating body responses
Nervous system
Muscles produce movement of body parts; bones and joints support and protect soft body parts, store minerals, and form blood cells
Musculoskeletal system
Protects the body from fluid loss, injury, and infection
Integumentary system
Body position that is commonly used as a reference
Anatomical position
Words used to describe the relative location of the body or its parts
Directional terms
Patient is lying on the back with the face upward is called
Supine
Patient is lying on the belly side is called
Prone
Toward the head end or upper part of the body
Superior
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body
Inferior
Toward the front or belly side
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the back
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the midline, which is an imaginary vertical line down the middle of the body
Medial
Toward the side
Lateral
External, toward the body surface
Superficial
Internal, inward from the surface of the body
Deep
Toward the origin of attachment to the trunk
Proximal
Away from the origin of attachment to the trunk
Distal
A vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal or coronal plane
An imaginary flat field that is used as a point of reference for viewing three-dimensional objects
Plane
A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
Sagittal plane
A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse plane
Major body regions of the head
Face, cranium
Major body regions of the neck
Anterior neck, posterior neck
Major body regions of upper appendages
Shoulder, axilla (armpit), brachium (upper arm), elbow, antebrachium (forearm), carpus (wrist), manus (hand), digits (fingers)
Major body regions of the trunk
Torax, abdomen, pelvis, back
Major body regions of lower appendages
Gluteus (buttock), femorus (thigh), knee, crus (leg), tarsus (ankle), pes (foot), digits (toes)
On top of the stomach
Epigastric
Below the stomach
hypogastric
Pertaining to the navel
Umbilical
Below the cartilage
Right and left hypochondriac
Pertaining to the hip or groin
Right and left iliac
Pertaining to the loin
Right and left lumbar
Quadrants of the abdomen
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
9 regions of the abdomen
Right and left hypochondriac region, right and left lumbar region, right and left iliac region, epigastric region, hypogastric region, and umbilical region
Two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral cavity
Dorsal cavity is split into
cranial and spinal cavity
Divides the ventral cavity into an upper and lower cavity
Diaphragm
Cavity that is superior to the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral cavity splits into
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Cavity that houses the brain
Cranial cavity
Cavity that contains the spinal cord
Spinal cavity
Lies along the midline of the thoracic cavity and surrounds the heart
Pericardial cavity
Contains the heart, the large blood vessels located above the heart, and a gland called the thymus gland
Mediastinum
What is in the thoracic cavity?
Pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, and the mediastinum
The abdominopelvic cavity splits into what?
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
What’s in the abdominal cavity and where is it located?
Contains: liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and most of the small and large intestines
located: upper area, above the hip bones
What’s in the pelvic cavity and where is it located?
Contains: urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and parts of the small and large intestines
located: Below the iliac crest (the tips of the hip bones)
time
Chron/o
Disease
Path/o
A state of the body in which homeostasis has faltered for any reason
Disease
The study of disease
Pathology
A physician who specializes in pathology, or the study of disease
Pathologist
Identification of the illness
Diagnosis
Experiences of the patient resulting from a disease
Symptoms
Presence of an elevated body temperature
Fever
Is a finding that can be discovered by an objective examination, such as a physical exam or lab exam
Sign
Describes a disease of short duration
Acute
Medical term for a head cold
Acute coryza
Term frequently used to describe diseases that are of long duration
Chronic
A disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungal parasites, or protozoans
Infection
The presence of infection results in the development of
Infectious disease
The cause of disease
Etiology
Disease may also be caused by physical injury or
Trauma
Disease resulting from trauma is called
Traumatic disease
Prediction
Prognosis
Noninvasive procedures
Diagnostic imaging
5 major types of diagnostic imagining
Endoscopy, CT, PET scan, MRI, and ultrasound
Long, flexible tube that can be inserted into a patient
Endoscopy
Is a diagnostic procedure that combines multiple x-rays and computer enhancement to produce three- dimensional images or internal body structures
CT (CAT) scan
Computed tomography scanning
-Is a procedure that detects the journey of a radioactive-labeled substance, such as glucose, through the body
-Reveals areas of the body that have an unusual high metabolic rate, such as tumors
PET scan
positron emission tomography
The instrument includes magnets that respond to hydrogen atoms in the body by sending signals to a computer, which analyzes the information to produce three-dimensional images
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
Involves the pulsation of harmless sound waves through a body region
Ultrasound imaging, sonography
