Ch.11 Flashcards
Albumin (a protein)
Albumin/o
Germ, bud, developing cell
Blast/o
Little ball, glomerulus
Glomerul/o
Sweet, sugar
Gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o
Opening, passage
Meat/o
Kidney
Nephr/o, ren/o
Renal pelvis
Pyel/o
Ureter
Ureter/o
Urethra
Urethr/o
Urine
Ur/o, urin/o
Functions as the sanitation engineer of the body, maintaining the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials and recycling other materials
Urinary system
Parts of the urinary system
Kidneys, paired ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
___________ is formed by three processes occurring in the kidneys: filtration of the blood to produce a filtrate; reabsorption of excess water, ions, and nutrients in the filtrate to return them to the bloodstream; and secretion of excess ions as waste into the filtrate
urine
Functions of the kidneys
Forming urine
-Regulation of blood pressure
-Regulation of pH within body fluids
-Regulation of water and salt concentrations
-Regulation of red blood cell production
Although the urethra, urinary bladder, and ureters are each protected by a ______________, bacteria and viruses are sometimes able to gain entry into the internal organs through the meatus
Mucous membrane
The surgical treatment of urinary disease is a medical discipline known as
Urology
In most hospitals and clinics, the unit specializing in the treatment of urinary diseases is also called
Urology
A physician specializing in this field of medicine is called a
Urologist
The field that specializes in the treatment of kidney disease is ________
-A physician specializing in this field is a
Nephrology
Nephrologist
Nephrology is a subspeciality of ___________, and if often called __________
Internal medicine
Renal medicine
Without, absence of
An-
Through
Dia-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
Albumin (a protein)
Albumin/o
Urea, nitrogen
Azot/o
Bacteria
Bacteri/o
Sweet, sugar
Glycos/o
Blood
Hem/o, hemat/o
Ketone
Ket/o, keton/o
Night
Noct/o
Few in number
Olig/o
Protein
Protein/o
Pus
Py/o
Condition of blood
-emia
Urination
-uresis
Pertaining to urine, urination
-uria
A ___________ is a clinical procedure that examines the composition of urine
Urinalysis
Albumin is a protein normally present in the bloodstream. If it appears in the urine, it is a physical sign of abnormal renal filtration. The sign is called
Albuminuria
The inability to pass urine is the clinical sign known as
-Is a sign of kidney disease and is defined as the production of less than 100mL of urine per day
Anuria
The sign of abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood is called
Azotemia
The abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection and is called
Bacteriuria
the temporary, excessive discharge of urine is a symptom known as ________
-May be induced with drugs, called _____________, to reduce high blood pressure by increasing urine volume
Diuresis
Diuretics
Difficulty or pain experienced during urination
-Is a symptom of a urinary tract disease often caused by a bacterial infection
Dysuria
The abnormal presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine is a sign of an endocrine disease, such as diabetes mellitus. The sign is called
Glycosuria
the abnormal presence of blood in the urine is a sign of a urinary system disorder. It is called
Hematuria
The abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine is called
-It is a common sign of a metabolic disorder, a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet, starvation, or diabetes mellitus
Ketonuria
The need to urinate frequently at night is a possible symptom of diabetes mellitus or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is called
Nocturia
Reduced urination becomes a clinical problem when the volume of urine declines to less than 500mL within a 24-hour period. It is known as ___________ and is a possible sign of a kidney disorder
-May also be a sign of congestive heart failure, dehydration, or a blockage in the urinary tract
Oliguria
The chronic, abnormal production of large volumes of urine requires frequent urination and is a common sign of an endocrine disease, usually diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. The sign is called
Polyuria
The presence of any protein in the urine is called __________, so albuminuria is a form of this
Proteinuria
The presence of pus in urine is called
Pyuria
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Within, upon, on, over
En-
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Hypo-
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
Urea, nitrogen
Azot/o
Bacteria
Bacteri/o
Germ, bud, developing cell
Blast/o
Bladder, sac
Cyst/o
Little ball, glomerulus
Glomerul/o
Blood
Hemat/o
Water
Hydr/o
Stone
Lith/o
Kidney
Nephr/o
Pus
Py/o
Renal pelvis
Pyel/o
Kidney
Ren/o
Rip, tear
Spadias/o
Narrow
Sten/o
Urine
Ur/o
Ureter
Ureter/o
Urethra
Urethr/o
Pertaining to
-al, -ic
Hernia, swelling, protrusion
-cele
Condition of blood
-emia
Condition of
-iasis, -osis
INflammation
-itis
Abnormally large
-megaly
Tumor
-oma
Disease
-pathy
Drooping
-ptosis
State of
-sis
Urination
-uresis
Pertaining to urine, urination
-uria
A rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce urine is known as ____________
-Formerly called _________
Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Acute renal failure
Inflammation of the urinary bladder is called
-Usually caused by a bacterial infection that travels up the urethra
Cystitis
An infection of the urinary bladder and the urethra is called
Urethrocystitis
Herniation of the urinary bladder is called
-In females, the protrusion pushes into the adjacent vagina
Cystocele
A _____________ is a stone, or calculus, in the urinary bladder
-If it is too large to pass through the urethra, medical intervention is required to eliminate it
Cystolith
Failure of both kidneys to form urine from any cause is a life-threatening condition called
-Also called ________
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
Renal failure
An involuntary release of urine, which usually occurs due to a lack of bladder control among children or older adults, is known as ________
-When this occurs during sleep, it is known as _____________, or ___________
Enuresis
Nocturnal enuresis
Bedwetting
A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus is known as
Epispadias
A glomerulus is a ball of specialized capillaries within a kidney nephron. Any disease of the glomeruli is called a
Glomerulonephropathy
Inflammation of the glomeruli is called _____________, which is an example of glomerulonephropathy
Glomerulonephritis
The production of urine by the kidneys is a physiological process that is continual throughout your lifetime. If the exit of urine out of the kidneys becomes blocked by an obstruction in a ureter, the urine will back up to cause distension of the renal pelvis. This condition is known as
Hydronephrosis
In _____________, the change in location of the urinary meatus is ventral
Hypospadias
The inability to control urination is called
Urinary incontinence
In __________________, an involuntary discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement
Stress incontinence
Inflammation of a kidney is known as ________
-It may be caused by an autoimmune response or an allergic reaction to certain medications; it may also be called _____________
Nephritis
Interstitial nephritis
A _____________ is a tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embryonic cells
-It is also called _________________ after the 19th-century German physician who published first description of the disease
Nephroblastoma
Wilms’ tumor
The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a kidney is called
-An alternate term is _________
Nephrolithiasis
Renal calculi
A general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue is
Nephroma
An abnormal enlargement of one or both kidneys is called
Nephromegaly
A severe condition of a kidney that leads to end-stage kidney disease is generally called
Nephropathy
Three forms of nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Hypertensive nephropathy
Drug-induced nephropathy
Type of nephropathy resulting from unmanaged diabetes mellitus
Diabetic nephropathy
Type of nephropathy resulting from unmanaged chronic hypertension (high blood pressure)
Hypertensive nephropathy
Type of nephropathy which may be caused by certain over-the-counter drugs (such as ibuprofen), lab procedures (such as x-rays), and prescription medicines
Drug-induced nephropathy
The condition of a downward displacement (drooping) of a kidney is known as __________
-Is commonly called ___________
Nephroptosis
Floating kidney
A kidney condition characterized by the presence of numerous cysts (fluid-filled capsules) occupying much of the kidney tissue is called
-The cysts replace normal tissue, resulting in a loss of kidney function
Polycystic kidney disease
Inflammation of the renal pelvis is called
Pyelitis
A serious inflammatory condition of one or both kidneys is called ____________
-Is usually caused by an infection involving the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), resulting from urinary tract infection that has been left untreated
Pyelonephritis
A condition of abnormal narrowing is known as a _________
-__________ is when the ureter is narrowed
-____________ is when the urethra is narrowed
-_________ is when the junction of the ureter and bladder is narrowed
Stricture
Ureteral stricture
Urethral stricture
Ureterovesical stricture
The medical term stenosis also refers to an abnormal narrowing, it may be used as an alternative term to stricture in each of these terms. An example is _____________
Ureterostenosis
In the condition _______________, an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes are present in the blood
Uremia
Inflammation of a ureter is called
Ureteritis
A herniated ureter is called a
Ureterocele
The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a ureter is called
Ureterolithiasis
The abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder is called ____________
-Results from an inability to void, or urinate
Urinary retention
Is an infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Through
Dia-
Bladder, sac
Cyst/o
Blood
Hemat/o, hem/o
Stone
Lith/o
Opening, passage
Meat/o
Kidney
Nephr/o ren/o
To stretch over, peritoneum
Peritone/o
Renal pelvis
Pyel/o
Sound
Son/o
To cut
Tom/o
Ureter
Ureter/o
Urethra
Urethr/o
Urine
Ur/o, urin/o
Bladder
Vesic/o
Pertaining to
-al
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
A record or image
-gram
Recording process
-graphy
Study or science of
-logy
Loosen, dissolve
-lysis
Surgical fixation, suspension
-pexy
Surgical repair
-plasty
Suturing
-rrhaphy
Process of viewing
-scopy
Surgical creation of an opening
-stomy
Incision, to cut
-tomy
Surgical crushing
-tripsy
A clinical lab test that measures urea concentration in a sample of blood as an indicator of kidney function is
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
The protein ______________ is a normal component of urine and is a by-product of muscle metabolism
-It may be measured in a urine sample
Creatinine
The surgical removal of the urinary bladder is called
Cystectomy
An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder with injection of a contrast medium or dye is called ________
-The x-ray image is called a __________
-If the procedure includes the ureters, it is called a _____________, and the image obtained is a _______________
-If the procedure includes the urethra, it is a _______________, and the image is a _________________
-In a _________________, x-rays are taken before, during, and after urination to observe bladder function
Cystography
Cystogram
Cystoureterography
Cystoureterogram
Cystourethrography
Cystourethrogram
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
A procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone is called
Cystolithotomy
Surgical repair of the urinary bladder is a procedure called
Cystoplasty
Suturing the urinary bladder wall is a procedure called
Cystorrhaphy
A procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder is known as ___________
-The instrument used is called a ___________
Cystoscopy
Cystoscope
The surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder is a procedure called ___________
-The most common application of this procedure is a ___________________, in which the incision is made just above the pubic bone and a catheter is inserted through the skin to the urinary bladder. The catheter provides an alternate exit passageway for urine if the normal passageway through the urethra is blocked, or the urethra is surgically removed
Cystostomy
Suprapubic cystostomy
Refers to an incision through the urinary bladder wall ___________
- It is also called ____________
Cystotomy
Vesicotomy
A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric current is called
Fulguration
Refers to the movement of substances across a permeable membrane during the process of filtration
Dialysis
Is a procedure that pushes a patient’s blood through permeable membranes within an instrument. It is performed to artificially remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body metabolism, temporarily replacing the function of kidney filtration for patients with kidney disease or kidney failure
Hemodialysis
A surgical technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize or dissolve stones into smaller pieces that may then pass with urine through the urethra is called
Lithotripsy
In the popular procedure _________________, ultrasonic energy from an instrument outside of the body is directed onto stones that are otherwise too large to pass through the urethra, pulverizing the stones into tiny particles that can pass with urine flow
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
A surgical procedure that removes a kidney is called
Nephrectomy
An x-ray technique producing an image of a kidney after injection of a contrast medium or dye is called _________
-The x-ray image of the kidney obtained in the procedure is called a __________
Nephrography
Nephrogram
The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys is called ___________
-A physician specializing in this field is a ____________
Nephrology
Nephrologist
Is a surgical procedure during which abnormal adhesions are removed from a kidney, loosening the organ
Nephrolysis
Surgical fixation of a kidney is sometimes necessary if the kidney is abnormally loose within the abdominal cavity, such as in the condition nephroptosis or floating kidney. The procedure is called
Nephropexy
Visual examination of a kidney’s interior may be performed in the procedure known as _____________, during which a modified fiber-optic endoscope called a _____________ is used
Nephroscopy
Nephroscope
An ultrasound procedure that provides an image of a kidney for diagnostic analysis is known as ______________
Nephrosonography
A procedure that surgically creates an opening through the body wall and into a kidney is called a ____________
-It usually established to allow a catheter to be inserted from the exterior to the renal pelvis for urine drainage and is also called a ___________
Nephrostomy
Pyelostomy
A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure is known as _____________
-The image obtained from this procedure is a ____________
Nephrotomography
Nephrotomogram
Process fluids and electrolytes by artificial filtration as a cleansing treatment to compensate for kidney failure.
-Removes toxins and other wastes as a replacement for kidney function
Peritoneal dialysis
A ___________ is an x-ray image of the renal pelvis
Pyelogram
In obtaining an image called a ____________, the procedure involves injection of contrast medium into the ureter using a cystoscope
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
In an _______________, iodine is used as the contrast medium and is injected into the bloodstream
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
A kidney stone may sometimes form within the renal pelvis. A surgery performed to remove the stone from the renal pelvis involves an incision into the kidney and is called a
Pyelolithotomy
Surgical repair of the renal pelvis is a procedure called
Pyeloplasty
The replacement of a dysfunctional kidney with a donor kidney is a surgery called
Renal transplant
An examination that uses nuclear medicine by IV injection of radioactive material into the patient’s kidneys is called ____________
-The record is called a __________
Renography
Renogram
The measurement of the density of substances is a liquid compared to water is called
-Helps to reveal the efficiency of renal filtration and the absorption of water
Specific gravity (SG)
The surgical removal of a ureter is called
Ureterectomy
The surgical creation of an external opening from the ureter to the body surface is called ___________
-The procedure includes an incision into the wall of the ureter, called ____________
Ureterostomy
Ureterotomy
Surgical fixation of the urethra is a procedure called
Urethropexy
Surgical repair of the urethra is a procedure called
Urethroplasty
The surgical creation of an opening through the urethra is called _________
-The procedure includes an incision into the wall of the urethra, called ____________
Urethrostomy
Urethrotomy
A combination of clinical lab tests that are performed on a urine specimen is called __________
Urinalysis (UA)
A ____________ is a flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of the body to transport fluids in or out
-A ___________ is usually inserted through the urethra to enter the urinary bladder and is often used to drain urine from a patient who is immobile
Catheter
Urinary catheter
The process of inserting the urinary catheter is called
Urinary catheterization
The procedure use of an endoscope to observe internal structures of the urinary system is generally known as
Urinary endoscopy
A specialized endoscope is associated with each urinary organ, including a ____________ for inserting into the urinary meatus, a ____________ for viewing a kidney, and a ____________ for observing the interior of the urinary bladder
Meatoscope
Nephroscope
Cystoscope
The medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary system is called ___________
-A physician who treats patients in this discipline is called a __________
Urology
Urologist
A surgery that is performed to stabilize the position of the urinary bladder is called
Vesicourethral suspension
