ch.7 Flashcards
Gland
Aden/o
Bacteria
Bacteri/o
germ, bud, developing cell
Blast/o
Red
Erythr/o
Blood
Hem/o, hemat/o
Exempt, immunity
Immun/o
White
Leuk/o
Clear water or fluid
Lymph/o
Disease
Path/o
Spleen
Splen/o
Clot
Thromb/o
Wartlike, thymus gland
Thym/o
Poison
Tox/o
Although the __________ is a tissue that is part of the cardiovascular system, it is also closely associated with another system, the ______________
Blood
Lymphatic system
Primary function of blood
Transport
Blood includes a watery medium, called ___________, which carries within its current two major types of cells
Plasma
Two major types of cells that are carried in the plasma of blood
White blood cells (WBC)
Red blood cells (RBC)
Other name for red blood cell
Erythrocytes
another name for white blood cells
Leukocytes
Function of RBCs
Transport oxygen
Function of WBC
Combat infection
Fragments of cells are also present in blood. Called _________, they trigger the formation of blood clots to reduce blood loss following injury
Platelets
Another type of blood fluid, known as _________, also transports substances throughout the body, but this fluid is found only within lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Parts of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Lymph carries the components of ________, such as WBCs and the products they use to fight infection.
Immunity
Blood and lymph are intertwined because lymph is formed from blood during __________ and rejoins the bloodstream later. Because both blood and lymph carry WBCs, both fluids are involved in the fight against ___________
Capillary exchange
Infection
Primary function of lymphatic system
Protection
Also recycles fluids from the extracellular environment to the bloodstream
Vital substances carried by the blood
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, enzymes, nutrients, waste materials
Blood also protects against ____________ and also ____________
Infectious disease
Regulate body temperature
Like any other tissue, blood can become diseased from any one of several sources, including
Inherited abnormalities, infection, tumor development
Because blood can be conveniently removed from a blood vessel and analyzed, it is an important avenue for testing body chemistry as well as blood cells during a _________
Diagnostic evaluation
General field for medicine focusing on blood-related disease
Hematology
A physician specializing in the treatment of disease associated with blood
Hematologist/ hematopathologist
The field of medicine that treats infectious disease
Immunology
Subspecialities in the field of infectious disease include
Virology and bacteriology
Without, absence of
An-
Equal
Iso-
Large
Macro-
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
Bacteria
Bacteri/o
Cell
Cyt/o
Red
Erythr/o
Blood
Hem/o
White
Leuk/o
Irregular
Poikil/o
Spleen
Splen/o
Clot
Thromb/o
Poison
Tox/o
Condition of blood
-emia
Condition of
-ia, -osis
Loosen, dissolve
-lysis
Abnormally large
-megaly
Abnormal reduction in number, deficiency
-penia
Abnormal discharge
-rrhage
The presence of red blood cells of unequal size in a sample of blood is an abnormal finding
-Condition of without equal cells
Anisocytosis
The presence of bacteria in a sample of blood is a sign of an infection and is called
Bacteremia
An abnormally reduced number of red blood cells in a sample of blood
Erythropenia/erythrocytopenia
The rupture of the red blood cell membrane
-may occur if a blood transfusion is not compatible with the recipient’s blood, or during a salt imbalance in which more salt is present in the cells than in the plasma
Hemolysis
The abnormal loss of blood from circulation is a sign of trauma or illness and is called
Hemorrhage
An abnormally reduced number of white blood cells in a sample is a sign of disease called
Leukopenia/ Leukocytopenia
The presence of abnormally large red blood cells in a sample of blood is a sign of disease and is called
Macrocytosis
Normally, red blood cells are round biconcave disks, but the sign of ________ occurs when more than 10% of the cells have irregular shapes
Poikilocytosis
________ is an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood. It results from a genetic mutation within stem cells of the red bone marrow, and may also be called ___________
Polycythemia
Erythrocytosis
Abnormal enlargement of the spleen is a sign of injury and is called
Splenomegaly
An abnormally reduced number of platelets in a sample of blood is a sign of disease and is called
Thrombopenia/thrombocytopenia
The presence of toxins in the bloodstream
Toxemia
Without, absence of
An-
Up, toward
Ana-
One
Mono-
Gland
Aden/o
Self
Aut/o
Sausage
Botul/o
Fungus
Fung/o
Protein
Globin/o
Blood
Hem/o, hemat/o
Physician
Iatr/o
Individual
Idi/o
Exempt, or immunity
Immun/o
White
Leuk/o
Clear water or fluid
Lymph/o
Death
Necr/o
Hospital
Nosocom/o
Kernel, nucleus
Nucle/o
Disease
Path/o
Putrefying; wall or partition
Sept/o
Staphylococcus (bacterium)
Staphylococc/o
Streptococcus (bacterium)
Streptococc/o
Wartlike, thymus gland
Thym/o
Condition of blood
-emia
Pertaining to producing, forming
-genic
Pertaining to
-ial, -ic
Condition or disease
-ism
Inflammation
-itis
Tumor
-oma
Condition of
-osis
Disease
-pathy
Loving, affinity for
-philia
Fear
-phobia
Protection
-phylaxis
Pertaining to abnormal discharge
-rrhagic
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
What does HIV/AIDS do to the white blood cells
Disables the immune response by destroying important white blood cells known as helper T cells
Is the body’s immune response to allergens
Allergy
Are foreign substances that produce a reaction including immediate inflammation
Allergens
Two ways an allergy can strike
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
Allergic dermatitis
Affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
Affects the skin where it has been in physical contact with the allergen
Allergic dermatitis
An immediate allergic reaction to a foreign substance that includes rapid inflammation, vasodilation, bronchospasms, shortness of breath, and spasms of the GI tract
Anaphylaxis
Is the reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissueas
Anemia
Types of anemias
Aplastic anemia
iron-deficiency anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Pernicious anemia
Red bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of normal blood cells
Aplastic anemia
Caused by a lack of available iron, resulting in the body’s inability to make adequate amounts of hemoglobin
Iron-deficiency anemia
The hemoglobin is defective within cells, resulting in misshaped red blood cells that cause obstructions in blood vessels
Sickle cell anemia
Caused by a failure to acquire vitamin B12 into bloodstream for its delivery to red bone marrow, which requires it to produce new red blood cells
Pernicious anemia
A bacterial disease that has been threatened to be used in __________, which is the application of disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) to cause harm to a population, is __________. The spores of the bacteria can survive within a powder that can be distributed through the air, making it very dangerous
Bioterrorism
Anthrax
A disease that is caused by a person’s own immune response attacking otherwise healthy tissues is called
Autoimmune disease
Examples of autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple sclerosis
Psoriasis
A disease that is capable of transmission from one person to another is called a ___________. Also known as a __________, it may be transmitted by direct contact with an infected person, indirectly by way of contact with infected body fluids or other materials, or by way of vectors, usually biting arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas
Communicable disease
Contagious disease
Is an infectious disease resulting in acute inflammation of the mucous membrane, primarily in the mouth and throat
Diphtheria
Any abnormal condition of the blood
Dyscrasia
The leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the interstitial space between body cells causes swelling and is one aspect of inflammation. the swelling is called
Edema
Is a mass of blood outside blood vessels and confined within an organ or space within the body, usually in a clotted form.
Hematoma
A general term for a disease that affects hemoglobin within red blood cells is
Hemoglobinopathy
An infectious disease that causes internal bleeding, or internal hemorrhage, and high fevers is generally known as ________
-The disease is often caused by viruses, such as Ebola, and some forms exhibit a high rate of mortality
Hemorrhagic fever
A condition that is caused by a medical treatment is called an
Iatrogenic disease
A disease that develops without a known or apparent cause is called an ______
-Pertaining to individual disease
Idiopathic disease
A condition resulting from a defective immune response is called an
-Occurs when there are insufficient numbers of functional white blood cells, especially lymphocytes, available to defend the body from sources of infection
Immunodeficiency
Used to describe a patient suffering from an immunodeficiency
Immunocompromised
A reduction of an immune response may be caused by disease or by use of chemical, pharmacological, or immunologic agents. The suppressed status of the immune response that results is called
Immunosuppression
The combination of two blood types that results in the destruction of red blood cells is called
-It may occur during a blood transfusion, causing severe consequences, including the possibility of death if the donor blood antibodies attack the recipient’s red blood cells
Incompatibility
A multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms, or pathogens, in the body is called an
Infection
A disease caused by infection is called
Infectious disease
The physiological process that serves as the body’s initial response to injury and many forms of illness involves the swelling of body tissue
Inflammation
A viral disease characterized by fever and an acute inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes
Influenza (flu)
The tumor spreads throughout the red marrow, transforming the blood-forming tissue into a dysfunctional mass that produces abnormal white blood cells in very large numbers and red blood cells in fewer numbers.
-means condition of white blood cells
Leukemia
Inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
The general term for a form of cancer that begins in a type of white blood cell, called a lymphocyte, is
Lymphoma
Two forms of lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
type of lymphoma that is characterized by its altered lymphocytes called Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin lymphoma
Type of lymphoma that includes fast-growth and slow-growth forms
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
A disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells and the liver during different parts of its life cycle
Malaria
Is an acute viral disease that often begins as a fever, followed by the development of a skin rash containing numerous vesicles and often accompanied by a general inflammation of the respiratory tract
Measles
A clinical synonym of measles is
Rubeola
A viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue is called
Mononucleosis/ infectious mononucleosis
The death of one or more cells or a portion of a tissue or organ is called
Necrosis
An infectious disease that is contracted during a hospital stay is called
Nosocomial infection
Any infectious disease that is widespread and causes extensive mortality is
Plague
A viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected animal, usually by way of a bite
-The virus acts on the central nervous system to cause paranoia and paralysis and is usually fatal, unless early diagnosis and treatment is provided
Rabies
Rabies has also been called
Hydrophobia
A system-wide disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood is called
Septicemia
If not treated quickly, septicemia may progress into a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response called
Sepsis
A person suffering from sepsis is referred to as
Septic
A septic patient is in danger of developing _________, which includes a dangerous drop in blood pressure that often leads to death
Septic shock
A viral disease caused by the variola virus that was the scourge of the human population before its eradication in 1977 is known as
Smallpox
The presence of the bacterium Staphylococcus in the blood is a condition known as
Staphylococcemia
An infection caused by staphylococcus is commonly called
Staph infection
Varieties of staphylococcus that are resistant to antibiotics are one of the greatest challenges to antiseptic medical procedures and is called
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mersa)
The presence of the bacterium streptococcus in the blood is known as
Streptococcemia
An infection caused by streptococcus is commonly called
strep infection
Streptococcus frequently begin in the throat as a form of pharyngitis called ________ or in the mouth following a dental procedure and, if not managed, may spread to the bloodstream, which distributes the infection to vital organs
Strep throat
A disease caused be a powerful neurotoxin released by the common bacterium clostridium tetani is called
-Infection can be obtained from a puncture wound that is not properly cleaned, but it easily prevented with periodic vaccination
Tetanus
A tumor originating in thethymus gland is called
Thymoma
Against, opposite of
Anti-
Before
Pro-
Gland
Aden/o
Slef
Aut/o
Life
Bi/o
Protein
Globin/o
Blood
Hem/o, hemat/o
Same
Hom/o
Exempt, immunity
Immun/o
Clear water or fluid
Lymph/o
Spleen
Splen/o
Clot
Thromb/o
To seperate
-crit
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
Pertaining to study
-logous
Study or science of
-logy
Loosen, dissolve
-lysis
Protection
-phylaxis
Standing still
-stasis
Treatment
-therapy
Pertaining to
-tic
A curative treatment involving the use of a substance with known toxicity to bacteria is called
Antibiotic therapy
A chemical agent that delays or prevents the clotting process in blood is called
Anticoagulant
Most common anticoagulant agent is
Warfarin
A pharmacological therapy that is useful in battling a class of viruses that tend to mutate quickly, called retroviruses, is often called
-Used against HIV
Antiretroviral therapy
The process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, or infectious, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation is called
Attenuation
A transfusion of blood donated by a patient for their personal use is called
Autologous transfusion
A test or series of tests on a sample of blood plasma to measure the levels of its composition, including glucose, albumin, triglycerides, ph, cholesterol, and electrolytes is called
Blood chemistry
A clinical test to determine infection in the blood is called
-Performed by placing a sample of blood in a nutrient-rich liquid medium in an effort to grow populations of bacteria for analysis
Blood culture
The introduction of blood, blood products, or a blood substitute into a patient’s circulation top restore blood volume to normal levels is called
Blood transfusion
Two main types of blood transfusions
Autologous transfusion
Homologous transfusuion
A common procedure to treat leukemia, or injury resulting from radiation therapy or chemotherapy, is a
Bone marrow transplant
A timed blood test to determine the time required for a blood clot to form is called
Coagulation time
Two types of coagulation time tests
Prothrombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Type of coagulation time test that measures the time required for prothrombin, a precursor blood-clotting protein, to form thrombin
Prothrombin time (PT)
Another type of coagulation time test is used to evaluate clotting ability and is called
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
A common laboratory test that evaluates a sample of blood to provide diagnostic information about a patient’s general health is called
Complete blood count (CBC)
A microscopic count of the number of each type of white blood cell in a sample of blood is called
Differential count
The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related disease is called
Hematology
A procedure included in a complete blood count that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood is called
Hematocrit (HCT)
A procedure included in a complete blood count that measures the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells (in grams) is simply called
Hemoglobin (HGB)
The stoppage of bleeding is physiological process known as
hemostasis
Transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person is called
Homologous transfusion
A treatment that establishes immunity against a particular foreign substance that may otherwise cause disease is called
Immunization
The science concerned with immunity and allergy is called
Immunology
The treatment of infectious disease and certain cancers by the administration of pharmacological agents, such as serum, gamma globulin, treated antibodies, activated white blood cells, and suppressive drugs is called
Immunotherapy
Surgical removal of one or more lymph nodes is called
Lymphadenectomy
A laboratory procedure that calculates the number of platelets in a known volume of blood is called
Platelet count (PLT)
Any treatment that trends to prevent the onset of an infection or other type of disease is called
Prophylaxis
A lab test included in a complete blood count that measures the number of red blood cells within a given volume of blood is called a
Red blood cell (RBC)
The surgical removal of the spleen is often necessary if it has ruptured, which may occur during a physical injury to the left side of the trunk. The procedure is called
Splenectomy
A treatment that is performed to dissolve an unwanted blood clot or thrombus is called
Thrombolysis
The inoculation of a foreign substance that has reduced virulence, or reduced ability to cause infection, as a means of providing a cure or prophylaxis is called a
Vaccination
A preparation that is used to activate an immune response to provide acquired immunity against an infectious is called a
Vaccine
