Ch.6 Flashcards
Joint
Arthr/o, articul/o
Purse or sac, bursa
Burs/o
Wrist
Carp/o
Cartilage
Chondr/o
Knuckle of a joint
Condyl/o
Rib
Cost/o
Skull, cranium
Cran/o, crani/o
Fascia
Fasci/o
Thigh, femur
Femor/o
Fibula
Fibul/o
Flank, hip, groin, ilium of the pelvis
Ili/o
Haunch, hip joint, ischium
Ischi/o
Meniscus
Menisc/o
Muscle
Muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
Bone marrow
Myel/o
Straight
Orth/o
Bone
Oste/o
Wall
Pariet/o
Patella
Patell/o
Child
Ped/o
Stone
Petr/o
Phalanges
Phalang/o
Growth
Phys/o
Pubis
Pub/o
Radius
Radi/o
Sacred, sacrum
Sacr/o
Skeleton
Skelet/o
Vertebra
Spondyl/o
Chest, sternum
Stern/o
Synovial
Synov/o, synovi/o
Tarsal bone
Tars/o
Stretch, tendon
Ten/o, tendon/o
Vertebra
Vertebr/o
How many bones are in the body?
206
The bones and muscles work together to support the body and produce body ____________
movement
The muscles and bones come together to form what system?
Musculoskeletal system
Muscles are attached to bones by way of tough, dense bands of connective tissue
Tendons
Are bands of dense connective tissue, but they extend from bone to bone to stabilize and strengthen joints
Ligaments
Each __________ is an organ, composed mainly of skeletal muscle tissue and connective tisue
Muscle
Joints are organs of the musculoskeletal system too and include
Knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip
The ______________ produced by the muscle contraction is mainly determined by the type of joint between the opposing bones
Range of motion (ROM)
Shock absorbing fluid
Synovial fluid
The joints of the body allowing the greatest ROM, such as the shoulder and knee, are known as ______________ because they are filled with a shock absorbing fluid called __________
Synovial joints
Synovial fluid
The diseases of the skeletal muscular systems are often the result of physical injury but can also be caused y infections, tumor development, endocrine disease, and inherited disorders. The branch of medicine focusing on these diseases is known as __________. whihc is commonly abbreviated to ____________.
Orthopedics
Ortho
A physician specializing in this field of medicine is called an ___________
Orthopedist
Without, absence of
A-
Slow
Brady-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Excessive, abnormally high, above
Hyper-
Joint
Arthr/o
Motion
Kinesi/o
Muscle
My/o
Reaction to a stimulus, movement
Tax/o
Stretch, tendon
Ten/o
Development
Troph/o
Singular
-a
Condition of pain
-algia, -dynia
Condition of
-ia
process of
-y
-Condition of joint pain
-Is often the first symptom of joint or bone disease
-Is also common complaint following injury to a joint
Arthralgia
-Is the inability to coordinate muscles during a voluntary activity
- Is a sign of a nervous system disorder, often inherited, that results in a loss of muscle coordination
Ataxia
Stabilizing a broken limb by casting it in plaster is a common treatment for bone fractures. It prohibits movement of the limb to promote the healing process. Unfortunately, the lack of movement leads to a reduction in muscle strength due to disuse, a sign of reduced muscle size known as
Atrophy
-Condition of slow motion
-An abnormally slow movement is a clinical sign of an underlying bone, muscle, or nervous disorder
Bradykinesia
-The abnormal reduction of calcium in bone is a clinical sign of ______
-Is often caused by a hormonal disorder upsetting the calcium balance between the bloodstream and bone
-Can be treated with a combination of hormonal therapy, a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and mild exercise
Decalcification
Condition of bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult motion
Dyskinesia
A general symptom of progressive muscle weakness that results from a genetic mutation is often called a ___________
Dystrophy
The progressive muscle weakness is a common symptom of nine known forms of the disease, most of which appear during early childhood and are collectively called
Muscular dystrophies
The sign of excessive muscle growth or development is known as
Hypertrophy
During strenuous exercise, muscle cell activity may exceed the capacity of the cell to obtain and use oxygen debt during metabolism. When this occurs, the resulting “oxygen debt” will cause the cell to metabolize without oxygen, resulting in the buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue. Because lactic acid causes muscle pain, a common symptom of strenuous exercise is __________
Myalgia
-Tendon pain, or _________, is a common symptom of “weekend athletes”: people who work inactive jobs during the workweek and become very active on their days off
-The symptom of this usually indicates minor injury to one or more tendons, often lasting weeks or months
Tenodynia
Without, absence of
A-
Upon, over, above, on top
Epi-
Alongside, abnormal
Para-
Excessive, over, many
Poly-
Four
Quadri-
Crooked
Ankyl/o
Joint
Arthr/o
Purse or sac, bursa
Burs/o
Cancer
Carcin/o
Wrist
Carp/o
Cartilage
Chondr/o
Knuckle of a joint
Condyl/o
Fiber
Fibr/o
Hump
Kyph/o
White
Leuk/o
Stone
Lith/o
Bent forward
Lord/o
Meniscus
Menisc/o
Muscle
My/o, myos/o
Bone marrow
Myel/o
Bone
Oste/o
Hole
Por/o
Flesh, meat
Sarc/o
Curved
Scoli/o
Vertabra
Spondyl/o
Synovial
Synov/o, synovi/o
Stretch, tendon
Ten/o, tendon/o
Condition of pain
-algia
Weakness
-asthenia
Hernia, swelling, protrusion
-cele
Condition of blood
-emia
Origin, cause
-genesis
Inflammation
-itis
Softening
-malacia
Tumor
-oma
Condition of
-osis
Formation, growth
-plasia
Paralysis
-plegia
Drooping
-ptosis
Is a condition characterized by abnormally short limbs and stature
Dwarfism
A disease that causes dwarfism is
Achondroplasia
-Joints are abnormally stiff and movement is difficult
-__________ is the abnormal adhesion of two bones, which damages the joint structure between them
-When the condition affects two or more bones of the vertebral column to cause a rigid spine, it is called ___________
Ankylosis
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
The general disorder resulting in inflammation and degeneration of a joint
Arthritis
Two forms of arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Is a common condition as people age, in which the joint structures become worn over time and are gradually replaced by bone
Osteoarthitis
Is an autoimmune disease, in which joint structures become eroded by the action of the body’s own white blood cells
Rheumatoid arthritis
In this joint disease, the articular cartilage within synovial joints undergoes inflammation, resulting in joint pain during movement
-Is usually a temporary condition caused by a localized infection
Arthrochondritis
-Is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
-Is caused by an inflammation of a bursa near the big toe
Bunion
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis
A calcium deposit within a bursa
Bursolith
People working at computer stations for extended periods of time increase their risk of a repetitive stress injury of the wrist. Commonly known as ____________ it is characterized by inflammation of the wrist that causes pressure against the median nerve, resulting in local pain and restricted movement
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
-Is a weakness of the wrist resulting in difficulty supporting the hand
-Also known as wrist drop
Carpoptosis
Prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions cause pain wherever they occur, often striking the stomach wall or thigh muscles after strenuous exercise
Cramps
A general term describing a disease of joints in which the cartilage undergoes degeneration
Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Children are occasionally born with a disease-causing skeletal muscle degeneration, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and deterioration
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
The epicondyles (very small bones on the humerus) are inflamed usually due to an injury
Epicondylitis
A disease of unknown origin that produces widespread pain od musculoskeletal structures of the limbs, face, and trunk
Fibromyalgia
Clinical term for a break in a bone
Fracture
A slight break in a bone that appears as a slight fissure in an x-ray exam
Greenstick
A spiral-shaped break, often caused by twisting stresses along the shaft
Spiral
A crushed break in a vertebra often due to an impact or fall
Compression
A fracture caused by another disease process that weakens the bone
Pathological
A break in the distal part of the radius, common in children
Colles
A break or breaks resulting in fragmentation of the bone
Comminuted
A break along an oblique angle of the bone shaft
Oblique
A break along the transverse plane of the bone shaft
Transverse
-A person experiences sharp pain in the joints of the toes, especially the big toe
-Often exacerbated by a diet high in protein
-Type of arthritis
Gout
The rupture of an intervertebral disk, which is a joint between two adjacent vertebrae of the spine
- It causes pressure against spinal nerves or the spinal cord to produce back pain
Herniated disk
Three primary spinal deformities
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Occurs when the upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly, causing an abnormal hump at the upper back that often accompanies osteoporosis
Kyphosis
Is an exaggerated anterior spinal curve in the lumbar area
Lordosis
Is a lateral curvature of the spine with a congenital origin, usually in the thoracic or lumbar regions
Scoliosis
-Results in excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates (growth plates), forming abnormally long limbs and a tall, thin body form
-Heart valves are also deformed
_believed that Abraham Lincoln suffered from this syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome
Inflammation of a meniscus results in joint pain and is called
Meniscitis
Is characterized by a progressive failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation
Myasthenia gravis
Tumor of bone marrow
Myeloma
An injury to a muscle may cause the muscle to tear through the fascia, causing a protrusion. This is called
Myocele
A common result of muscle injury is local inflammation known as
Myositis
Inflammation of bone
Osteitis
Results in bone deformities due to a failure of bone remodeling, which is a balance between bone loss and bone deposition
Osteitis deformans (Paget Disease)
An inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A disease resulting in the softening of bones
Osteomalacia
-Inflammation of the red bone marrow and is a painful disease
-Usual cause is bacterial infection
Osteomyelitis
-Abnormal loss of bone density is a common result of aging, especially among postmenopausal women
-Results in a loss of posture and flexibility and an increased risk of fractures
Osteoporosis
-Bone cancer arising from connective tissue, usually within the bone itself
-Aggressive form of cancer
-Striking mostly the young and middle teens
Osteosarcoma
Form of malignant bone cancer that arises from the red bone marrow
Leukemia
Form of paralysis in which there is a loss of sensation or voluntary movement of the area of the body below the hips, including both legs
Paraplegia
Form of paralysis in which all four limbs are without sensation or voluntary movement
Quadriplegia
Is an autoimmune disease because the inflammation is the result of the body’s own white blood cells attacking otherwise healthy tissue, in this case muscle tissue
-Means inflammation of many muscles
Polymyositis
Children with a long-term deficiency of vitamin D or calcium in the diet may exhibit bowed legs and growth retardation
Rickets
Trauma to the vertebral column may result in
Spinal cord injury (CSI)
Trauma to the shoulder can tear one or more tendons and muscles, resulting in a ________________ that can cause local inflammation, pain, and joint dislocation
Rotator cuff injury
Is a general term for inflammatory diseases of the joints and their associated tendons and ligaments
Spondylarthritis
-Is a tear of collagen fibers within a ligament
-It usually caused by stretching the ligament beyond its normal range without warming up or slowly stretching before exercise
Sprain
-Similar to a sprain
-Is usually caused by stretching a muscle beyond its normal range
-Muscle tissue tearing and the resulting capillary damage often cause a bruise
Strain
-Disease of the temporomandibular joint
-Results in frequent dislocations that make it difficult and painful to move the jaw during speaking and chewing
Temporomandibular joint disease (TMJ)
-Inflammation of a tendon
-Common sports injury
Tendonitis
A form of tendonitis that includes inflammation of the synovial membrane surrounding the joint
Tenosynovitis
Joint
Arthr/o
Purse or sac, bursa
Burs/o
Hand
Chir/o
Cartilage
Chondr/o
Rib
Cost/o
Skull, cranium
Crani/o
Electricity
Electr/o
Fascia
Fasci/o
Thin, lamina
Lamin/o
Muscle
My/o
Straight
Orth/o
Bone
Oste/o
Foot
Pod/o
Vertebra
Spondyl/o
Connect
Syn/o
Stretch, tendon
Ten/o
Vertebra
Vertebr/o
Surgical puncture
-centesis
Break apart
-clasia, -clasis
Surgical fixation, fusion
-desis
Surgical excision, removal
-ectomy
A record or image
-gram
Recording process
-graphy
Treatment, speciality
-iatry
One who specializes
-ist
Loosen, dissolve
-lysis
Disease
-pathy
Surgical repair
-Plasty
Suturing
-rrhaphy
Instrument used for viewing
-scope
Process of viewing
-scopy
Pertaining to
-tic
Incision, to cut
-tomy
Withdrawn by suction
Aspirated
In this procedure excess fluids are aspirated through a surgical puncture into the synovial cavity of the joint
Arthrocentesis
ROM
Range of motion
Occasionally, an abnormally stiff joint must be broken during surgery to increase ROM. This procedure is called
Arthroclasia
Surgical fixation of a joint
Arthrodesis
A record or image of a joint
Arthrogram
A joint is loosened of abnormal restrictions, such as calcium deposits and bursoliths
Arthrolysis
Refers to a joint replacement
Complete arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a joint
Arthroplasty
An endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity uses an instrument that integrates fiber optics, live-action photography, and computer enhancement
Arthroscope
Viewing process of an arthroscope
Arthroscopy
When arthroscopy is part of a surgery
Arthroscopic surgery
A surgical incision into the synovial cavity
Arthrotomy
A surgery involving the removal of a bursa from a joint
Bursectomy
The field of therapy that is centered on manipulation of bones and joints, most commonly the vertebral column
Chiropractic
Surgical excision, or removal, of the cartilage associated with a joint
Chondrectomy
Surgical repair of cartilage associated with a joint
Chondroplasty
A surgery involving the removal of a rib
Costectomy
When one or more bones of the cranium undergo repair during surgery
Carnioplasty
Incision or cut to go into the skull/cranium
Craniotomy
A surgical procedure that is used frequently to reduce the pain of a herniated disk by surgically removing the intervertebral disk
Diskectomy
When the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of the disk
Spinal fusion
Alternate term for spinal fusion
Spondylosyndesis
Also performed to treat a herniated disk in which part of a vertebra known as the lamina is surgically removed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
Laminectomy
The strength of a muscle contraction can be measured and recorded by a procedure called
Electromyography
A surgical incision into the connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle, called fascia, is known as a
Fasciotomy
Orthopedic surgeons, or orthopedists, treat fractures by aligning the broken bones to their normal positions in a procedure known as ____________. Manipulating the bone without surgery during reduction is known as ________________. If surgical intervention is needed to align and stabilize the broken area, the procedure is called ________________. During the procedure, pins, screws, rods, or plates may be inserted to stabilize the alignment, known as ________________. In ______________, metal rods and pins are attached from outside the skin surface. If the normal healing process is impeded, _____________ or __________________ may be applied to stimulate the healing process.
Reduction
Closed fracture reduction
Open fracture reduction
Internal Fixation
External fixation
Bone grafting or electrical bone stimulation
A muscle undergoes surgical repair
Myoplasty
The repair of a muscle often includes suturing the torn ends together in a procedure known as
Myorrhaphy
The most common pharmacological treatment for any condition, including inflammation or pain of muscle or bone tissue, is the use of ___________
ex) aspirin and ibuprofen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
The field of medical support involving the construction and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as lifts, artificial limbs, and retraction devices, to assist a patient is known as
Orthotics
The medical term for an artificial limb
Prosthesis
-Is the surgical removal, or excision, of bone tissue
-It is performed to remove unwanted bony formation
Ostectomy
In some cases, it becomes necessary to break a bone purposely to correct a defect or an improperly healed fracture. This is called
Osteoclasis
A medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on body alignment and nurtition is called
Osteopathy
A physician trained in osteopathy is known as
Osteopath or osteopathic surgeon (DO)
The surgical repair of bone is a general procedure known as
Osteoplasty
The specialty that focuses on foot health
Podiatry
A healthcare professional trained in podiatry is called a
Podiatrist
A very common treatment for most internal injuries of the musculoskeletal system, such as sprains and strains, is often called
RICE
What does RICE stand for
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Some injuries involve damage to both the muscle and its associated tendon. The surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon is called
Tenomyoplasty
Surgery that involves the suturing of a tendon to close a tear
Tenorrhaphy
A tenorrhaphy often includes the ___________ procedure, during which one or more incisions are made into a tendon
Tenotomy
A surgical procedure that repairs damaged or diseased vertebrae is called a
Vertebroplasty
