Ch.10 Flashcards
Abdomen
Abdomin/o
Anus
An/o
Appendix
Append/o, appendic/o
Bile`
Bil/i
Blind intestine, cecum
Cec/o
Bile, gall
Chol/e
Common bile duct
Choledoch/o
Colon
Col/o, colon/o
Bladder, sac
Cyst/o
Teeth
Dent/o
Twelve, duodenum
Duoden/o
Gullet, esophagus
Esophag/e, esophag/o
Stomach
Gastr/o
Gums
Gingiv/o
Tongue
Gloss/o
Liver
Hepat/o
To roll, ileum
Ile/o
Empty, jejunum
Jejun/o
Tongue
lingu/o
Mouth
Or/o
Sweetbread, pancreas
Pancreat/o
Digestion
Peps/o, pept/o
To stretch over, peritoneum
Peritone/o
Rectum or anus
Proct/o
Pylorus
Pylor/o
Rectum
Rect/o
Saliva
Sial/o
The letter s, sigmoid colon
Sigm/o
Mouth
Stomat/o
Converts food into a form the body can use for energy, growth, and repair
Digestive system
The body digests food, it divides and dissolves it into simpler parts called ____________, which may then be absorbed into the bloodstream
Nutrients
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Parts of the large intestine
Cecum, colon, rectum
Parts of the GI tract
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Digestion occurs gradually, as food is passed from one organ to the next through the
Digestive tract/ Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Accessory organs of the digestive system
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Functions of the digestive system
Digestion
Absorption of nutrients, which occurs across the wall of the small intestine
Formation of solid waste, in the form of feces, and its elimination from the body
Conservation of water, which occurs as water is absorbed across the walls of the small and large intestines
The breakdown of food particles into their small subunits, is the primary function of the digestion system
Digestion
Two types of digestion
Chemical and mechanical
Type of digestion that is performed by enzymes
Chemical digestion
Type of digestion that is achieved by chewing in the mouth and mixing and churning actions produced by muscles in the walls of the stomach
Mechanical digestion
The bacteria in the GI tract is called __________
-If it is able to increase in density or spread to other body areas, severe infections can result
Microbiota
A disease of the mouth or throat is treated by a
Head and neck specialist
Stomach or intestinal disease is treated by a
Gastroenterologist
A disease of the rectum is treated by a
Proctologist
A disease of the liver is treated by a
Hepatobiliary specialist
Cancer is treated by an
Oncologist
The area within a hospital that treats digestive disorders is often called
Internal medicine
Without, absence of
A-
Through
Dia-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Back
Re-
Flow
Flux/o
Stomach
Gastr/o
Breath
Halit/o
Blood
Hemat/o
Liver
Hepat/o
Digestion
Peps/o, pept/o
Eat, swallow
Phag/o
Fat
Steat/o
Condition of pain
-algia, -dynia
Vomiting
-emesis
Condition of blood
-emia
Condition of
-ia, -osis
Abnormally large
-megaly
Discharge
-rrhea
The inability to swallow
Aphagia
An accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen
-Is a sign of liver disease, congestive heart failure, malnutrition, or irritation of the peritoneum
Ascites
Infrequent or incomplete bowel movements are characteristics of
-Is a sign of an intestinal disorder that causes feces lacking in water, making their passage through the rectum and anus difficult and often painful
Constipation
Frequent discharge of watery fecal material occurs
-May be caused by an improper diet, but it is more commonly a sign of infection by virus, bacteria, or protozoa
Diarrhea
Condition of difficult digestion
-Common symptom of digestive difficulty
-Is accompanied by stomach or esophageal pain or discomfort
Dyspepsia
Common term for dyspepsia
Indigestion
Difficulty in swallowing is called
-Often accompanies a sore throat
Dysphagia
The presence of gas, or air, in the GI tract
Flatus
Gas is expelled through the anus as
Flatulence
Symptom of stomach pain is known as
Gastrodynia
Gastrodynia is also called
Gastralgia
Means bad breath
Halitosis
Vomiting blood is known as
Hematemesis
A sign of liver disease is abnormal enlargement of the liver called
Hepatomegaly
A yellowish-orange coloration of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and deeper tissues is a collective sign of liver disease called
-Results from the accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that is normally removed by the liver
Jaundice
A symptom of dizziness that includes an urge to vomit is called
Nausea
When nausea is accompanied by vomiting, it is abbreviated as
N&V
A backward flow of material in the GI tract, or regurgitation, is called
Reflux
Abnormal levels of fat in the feces is a sign of digestive malfunction called
Steatorrhea
Without, absence of
An-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
Dys-
Bad
Mal-
Gland
Aden/o
Appendix
Appendic/o
Lip
Cheil/o
Bile, gall
Chol/e
Gallbladder
Cholecyst/o
Orange
Cirrh/o
Colon
Col/o
Diverticulum
Diverticul/o
Twelve, duodenum
Duoden/o
Small intestine
Enter/o
Gullet, esophagus
Esophag/e, esophag/o
Stomach
Gastr/o
Gums
Gingiv/o
Tongue
Gloss/o
Liver
Hepat/o
Stone
Lith/o
Appetite
Orex/o
Sweetbread, pancreas
Pancreat/o
Parotid gland
Parot/o
Digestion
Pept/o
To stretch over, peritoneum
Peritone/o
Small growth
Polyp/o
Rectum or anus
Proct/o
Rectum
Rect/o
Saliva
Sial/o
To roll
Volv/o
Pertaining to
-al, -ic
Expansion, dilation
-ectasis
Condition of
-ia, -iasis, -osis
Inflammation
-itis
Softening
-malacia
Abnormally large
-megaly
Resembling
-oid
Tumor
-oma
Disease
-pathy
Drooping
-ptosis
State of
-sis
Process of
-y
An emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food because of a compulsion to become thin in appearance is known as
Anorexia nervosa
Inflammation of the appendix
-Is considered a medical emergency because the appendix is in immediate risk of rupture, which can spread life-threatening infectious material throughout the abdominal cavity
Appendicitis
A common eating disorder involving repeated gorging with food following by induced vomiting or laxative abuse is known as
Bulimia
Bulimia is commonly known as
Bingeing and purging
Inflammation of the lip is called
-General condition of the lip, which often includes splitting of the lips and corners of the mouth, usually resulting from vitamin B deficiency
Cheilitis
Another term for cheilitis is
Cheilosis
Inflammation of the gallbladder is called
-Usually caused by stones lodged within the gallbladder (gallstones)
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the common bile duct is called
Choledochitis
Generalized condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts is called
Cholelithiasis
A chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue is known as
-Common symptom of a yellowish-orange coloration of the skin
Cirrhosis
Is a congenital defect in which the bones supporting the roof of the mouth, or hard palate, fail to fuse during fetal development, leaving a space between the oral cavity and nasal cavity
Cleft palate
Inflammation of the segment of the large intestine known as the colon is called ____________
-Often includes excessive peristaltic contractions, mucus production, and cramping pain
-If chronic bleeding of the colon wall occurs to form bloody diarrhea, the condition is called _______________
-This is a form of _______________________
Colitis
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Cancer of the colon is called
Colon cancer
If the cancer occupies parts of the colon and the rectum, it is known as
Colorectal cancer
A chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, most commonly the ileum of the small intestine, that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall is called
Crohn’s disease
Chron’s disease is also known as
Regional ileitis
Regional enteritis
Chron’s disease is a form of
IBD
Small pouches called ___________ form on the wall of the colon
-The presence of this is often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort and is called __________
-if the pouches become inflamed, it produces a more painful condition known as ___________, which increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer
Diverticula
Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
An ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine is called a
Duodenal ulcer
An acute inflammation of the GI tract this caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants is called
-Characterized by severe diarrhea, often with a bloody discharge, and can become a life-threatening disease by causing dehydration
Dysentery
Inflammation of the small or large intestine is called
Enteritis
Inflammation of the esophagus is called
Esophagitis
Chronic esophagitis may lead to either a morbid softening o the esophageal wall, called ________________, or the development of _____________
Esophagomalacia
Esophageal cancer
Ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria can cause symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting, even in otherwise healthy people, but in the very young, elderly, and immunosuppressed it can become life-threatening is called
Food-borne illness or food poisoning
In addition, the extremely toxic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum causes a severe form of ________________, especially in improperly prepared home-canned foods. The life-threatening disease caused by toxins produced by this organism is called ___________
Food- borne illness
Botulism
Abnormal stretching, or dilation, of the stomach is called _____________
-May be caused by overeating, obstruction of the pyloric opening, or hiatal hernia
-The related condition of ____________ is an abnormal enlargement of the stomach
Gastrectasis
Gastromegaly
Is an aggressive form of cancer arising from cells lining the stomach
Gastric cancer
Gastric cancer is commonly known as
Stomach cancer
An ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the stomach is commonly called a
-Caused by an imbalance between the secretion of the protective mucous layer and the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which is often the result of infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and elevates the risk of developing gastric cancer
Gastric ulcer
Inflammation of the stomach is called ________
-If the small intestine is involved in the inflammation, it is called __________
-If the first segment of the small intestine, the duodenum, is specifically involved, it is called _________
-Inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon all at once is called _________
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Gastroduodenitis
Gastroenterocolitis
A recurring backflow, or reflux, of stomach contents into the esophagus is a condition called
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
In some cases, untreated GERD leads to ______________, in which the cells lining the esophagus undergo a change
-This cellular change increases the risk of developing a rare form of cancer, known as ___________
Barret’s esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
The softening of the stomach wall may occur during advanced stages of stomach cancer and other chronic diseases of the stomach
Gastromalacia
Infection by the intestinal protozoa Giardia intestinalis or Giardia lamblia produces symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The disease is usually contracted by drinking contaminated water and is known as
Giardiasis
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
Any disease of the tongue
Glossopathy
An example of a glossopathy is ________, which is an inflammation of the tongue often caused by exposure to allergens, toxic substances, or extreme heat or cold
Glossitis
A varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus produces painful swellings that may break open and bleed, known as
Hemorrhoids
A viral-induced inflammation of the liver is called
Hepatitis
Type of hepatitis: is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water (infectious hepatitis)
Type A
Type of hepatitis: is transmitted via body fluids, such as blood or semen. Because it can be transmitted during sexual exchange, it is considered to be an STI
Type B
Type of hepatitis: is mainly transmitted through the blood and often causes permanent liver damage. It is most deadly of the five types
Type C
Type of hepatitis: is similar to type B and may combine with it to severely damage the liver
Type D
Type of hepatitis: is similar to type A and is most common form in countries that have contaminated water supplies
Type E
A tumor arising from cells within the liver is called a
Malignant hepatoma
Malignant hepatoma is also called
-Often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis or hepatitis B
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
A hernia is an abnormal protrusion through a body wall. Protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity is called a ___________
-Another type of digestive system hernia, called ____________, is a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
-A _______________ occurs in males and is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity
- An ___________________ occurs when a small intestinal segment enters through a tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical (navel) region
-In each of these cases, the hernia may become strangulated, which restricts blood flow to the protruding organ. A _________________ requires medical intervention to avoid loos of the affected organ
Hiatal hernia
Inguinal hernia
Direct inguinal hernia
Umbilical hernia
Strangulated hernia
Although the small intestine is anchored to the abdominal wall by the peritoneal membranes, it is subject to infolding. Infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment is a condition called ______________ and results in a reduction of intestinal motility
Intussusception
A chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of large intestinal (bowel) function without clear physical damage is called ______________
-Episodes include abdominal pain caused by intestinal muscle spasms and flatus and are often associated with fluctuations between diarrhea and constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Difference between IBD and IBS
IBD: chronic severe debilitating condition that injures the large intestine with ulcers, bleeding, and adhesions
IBS: Uncomfortable chronic condition of irregular bowel movements that does not cause lasting tissue damage
All infants and many adults produce an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down lactose, the primary sugar in milk and milk products. A lack of this enzyme results in the uncomfortable symptoms of flatus and diarrhea when dairy foods are consumed
Lactose intolerance (LI)
A disorder that is characterized by difficulty absorbing one or more nutrients is called
Malabsorption syndrome
Type of malabsorption react to ingested gluten, a plant protein found in wheat, barley, and rye
-The arrival of gluten into the body triggers an immune response resulting in damage to the villi lining the small intestine, causing a failure to absorb nutrients (malabsorption)
Gluten sensitivity enteropathy (Celiac disease)
Inflammation of the pancreas is called
Pancreatitis
The largest salivary glands are called parotoid glands and are located around the angle of the jaw. Inflammation of one or both parotid glands is called ____________
-If caused by a virus, it is usually referred to as ___________
Parotitis
Mumps
Parotitis may also be referred to as
Sialadenitis
An erosion into the inner wall of an organ along the GI tract is generally called a _____________
-Usually, it occurs in the wall of the stomach as a _____________ or in the wall of the duodenum as a _____________
Peptic ulcer
Gastric ulcer
Duodenal ulcer
Roughly 80% of peptic ulcers are associated with an infection of Helicobacter pylori which triggers an immune response that reduces mucus production and increases the risk of developing gastric cancer. In severe cases, the erosion may penetrate through the wall of the organ to form a _______________, which is a life-threatening crisis due to hemorrhage and infection
Perforated ulcer
The peritoneum is the extensive membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs. Inflammation of this membrane is called
-The inflammation is the body’s response to an infection of the peritoneum, usually bacterial, that can become life-threatening without medical intervention
Peritonitis
Any abnormal mass of tissue that projects inward from the wall of a hollow organ is called a
-It is usually a benign growth that may occur in the nose, throat, or large intestine
Polyp
The presence of many polyps is called ______________
-Usually, occurs in the colon or rectum of the large intestine, where it increases the risk for colorectal cancer
Polyposis
Inflammation of the anus, and usually the rectum as well, is called
Proctitis
A drooping, or prolapse, of the rectum is a condition called
Proctoptosis
A severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction is called
Volvulus
Against, opposite of
Anti-
Through
Dia-
Within
Endo-
Abdomen
Abdomin/o, Lapar/o
A solution or substance with a pH less than 7
Acid/o
Appendix
Append/o
Lip
Cheil/o
Gallbladder
Cholecyst/o
Common bile duct
Choledoch/o
Colon
Col/o, colon/o
Twelve, duodenum
Duoden/o
Gullet, esophagus
Esophag/e, esophag/o
Feces
Fec/o
Stomach
Gastr/o
Gums
Gingiv/o
Tongue
Gloss/o
To roll, ileum
Ile/o
Stone
Lith/o
Nose
Nas/o
Small growth
Polyp/o
Pylorus
Pylor/o
Vagus nerve
Vag/o
Pertaining to
-al, -ic
Surgical puncture wound
-centesis
Pertaining to vomiting
-emetic
A record or image
-gram
Recording process
-graphy
Surgical repair
-plasty
Suturing
-rrhaphy
Discharge
-rrhea
Process of viewing
-scopy
Pertaining to a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
-spasmodic
Surgical creation of an opening
-stomy
Incision, to cut
-tomy
A surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid is a procedure called
Abdominocentesis/ paracentesis
An agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity is called an ___________
-Most mild medications neutralize the acid pH of the stomach, whereas stronger medications inhibit the amount of acid produced and are called _________
Antacid
Proton pump inhibitors
An ___________ is a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex
Antiemetic
A drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract, which arrests the muscular spasms involved in diarrhea, is called an ___________
-An ______________ may also be sed to treat the symptoms of diarrhea, but usually by increasing water absorption in the colon while decreasing spasms
Antispasmodic
Antidiarrheal
The surgical removal of the appendix is called
-Performed to treat the acute condition of appendicitis
Appendectomy
A procedure for treating obesity, in which the body contains an abnormally high amount of fat that threatens the health of the patient
-Some forms of this procedure reduce the volume of the stomach, whereas others bypass the stomach completely
Bariatric surgery
An agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon is called a __________. Is used to treat the symptom of constipation
-An agent that causes mild waves of peristalsis is called a ____________
Cathartic
Laxative
Procedure of suturing a lip is called
Cheilorrhaphy
The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called
Cholecystectomy
The process of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder is known as
Cholecystography
The x-ray image of the gallbladder is called a
Cholecystogram
The surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct is called
Choledocholithotomy
Is the visual inspection of the colon’s interior
Colonoscopy
Surgical removal of the entire length of the colon is called a
Total colectomy
A total colectomy is commonly referred to as a
Bowel resection
If a part of the colon is removed, it is known as a
Partial colectomy
If only the right or left segment is removed, it is called a
Hemicolectomy
Surgical creation of an opening on the colon
-The artificial opening that is created serves as an artificial anus, usually following the excision of the distal part of the colon. The new opening is referred to as a _________
Colostomy
Stoma
A clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces is called a
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
Surgical removal of part of the stomach or, in extreeme cases, the entire organ, is called
Gastrectomy
A cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed solution is known as __________
-Is performed after ingestion of a toxic substance or drug overdose or to remove irritants before a surgery
-A similar irrigation procedure may be performed on the colon to remove unwanted substances and is called ____________. If the unwanted material is a fecal blockage in the colon or rectum, an ___________ is used instead
Gastric lavage
Colonic irrigation
Enema
the process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach is called ___________
-The tube used in this procedure is called a ____________
Gavage
Nasogastric tube
Visual examination of the interior of the GI tract organs is made possible by the us of endoscopes in the procedure known as ________________
-Procedures using modified endoscopes to examine upper GI tract organs enter through the mouth and include _____________, which examines the esophagus, ___________, which views the stomach, and ________________, which examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
GI endoscopy
Esophagoscopy
Gastroscopy
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Endoscopic procedures using an endoscope that enters through the anus to examine the lower GI tract include ___________, which views the colon, ____________, which examines the sigmoid colon, and _____________, which observes the rectum
Colonoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Proctoscopy
A __________ is a common term applied to several diagnostic techniques that provide radiographic examination of the GI tract
-In an _______________, a barium swallow, barium shake, or barium meal is ingested to enhance x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
-A ___________ is the administration barium sulfate into the rectum and colon for a _____________ of x-rays
GI series
Upper GI series (UGI)
Barium enema (BE)
Lower GI series (LGI)
Surgicasl removal of diseased tissue in the gums is called
Gingivectomy
An injury that involves a severe bite through the tongue often requires surgery to close the wound with sutures. This surgery is called
Glossorrhaphy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids is performed during a
Hemorrhoidectomy
Is a corrective response to any one of the various types of hernias
-Is a common surgical procedure to repair an abnormal protrusion through a body wall
Herniorrhaphy
A surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine is called an
Ileostomy
The surgical removal of polyps is known as ___________ and is usually performed during a colonoscopy
Polypectomy
Surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach, which may include repair of the pyloric valve, is known as a
Pyloroplasty
If a pathogen is a suspected cause of a disease that affects the GI tract, a test may be performed called a
Stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that innervates much of the GI tract, providing sensory information to the brain relating to digestion and stimulating peristalsis of GI tract organs. The surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve may be performed in an effort to reduce gastric juice secretion as a treatment for chronic gastric ulcers. This procedure is called
Vagotomy
