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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.7 The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch.7 The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • 80 bones
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • Thoracic cage = ribs and sternum
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2
Q

The skull

Axial Skeleton

A
  • 22 bones
  • facial bones form the anterior
  • cranial bones form the posterior
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3
Q

Functions of the skull

A
  1. Anchors the teeth
  2. Houses the special sense organs
  3. Protects the brain
  4. Forms the face
  5. Attachment of muscles
  6. Forms openings to the respiratory and digestive systems
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4
Q

Cranium bones

A

8 bones:
- 2 temporal
- 2 parietal
- 1 frontal
- 1 occipital
- 1 sphenoid
- 1 ethmoid

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5
Q

Cranium Features

A
  • Vault: calvera or skull cap covers the brain
  • fossa: shadow depressions
  • Base: cranial floor
    – Brain sits on it
    – Forms the posterior, middle, anterior fossas
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6
Q

Sinus’s

A
  1. Frontal sinus
  2. Etmoidal sinus
  3. Sphenoidal sinus
  4. Maxillary sinus
    - spaces inside of bones
    - lined with a mucous membrane
    - lighten the skull
    - warm and moisten air
    - act as resonance chambers in speech
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7
Q

Frontal bone

A
  • Frontal Squama - forehead
  • Houses the frontal sinuses
    Forms:
    1. the brow ridge, supraorbital foramen (vessels & nerves)
    2. the superior aspect of the orbit
    3. the anterior cranial fossa (supports frontal brain lobe)
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8
Q

Parietal Bone

A
  • Forms superior and lateral aspects of cranium
    Sutures:
    1. Coronal – separates parietal/frontal
    2. Sagittal – separates R. & L. parietals
    3. Lambdoidal – separates parietal/occipital
    4. Squamous – separates parietal/temporals
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9
Q

Occipital Bone

A
  • Forms the posterior, inferior aspects of cranium
  • Posterior cranial fossas (cerebellum sits in them)
  • Foramen magnum (for spinal cord)
  • Occipital condyles (articulates with first vertebra)
  • Hypoglossal canals (allows cranial nerve XII to pass)
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10
Q

Squamous

Temporal Bone Region

A

contains zygomatic process & mandibular fossa

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11
Q

Tympanic

Temporal Bone Region

A

contains external acoustic meatus & styloid process (hyoid bone)

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12
Q

Mastoid

Temporal Bone Region

A

contains mastoid sinus, mastoid process

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13
Q

Petrous

Temporal Bone Region

A

houses the middle and internal ear structures, contains the carotid canal, forms part of the jugular foramen & middle cranial fossa

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14
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Has a Body & Three sets of processes:
1. greater wings
2. lesser wings
3. pterygoids
- Body contains a sinus & forms sella turcica (pituitary gland sits in it)
- Forms the superior orbital fissure (opening for cranial nerves)
- Forms the optic foramen (optic nerve passes through it)

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15
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A
  • Lateral masses (contains sinuses)
  • Perpendicular plate (forms the superior part of the nasal septum)
  • Olfactory foramina (for olfactory nerves)
  • Crista gali for attachment of the brain meninges
  • Superior and middle nasal conchae (protrude into nasal cavity)
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16
Q

Holes in the Skull

A
  1. optic foramen
  2. superior orbital fiisure
  3. foramen rotundum
  4. foramen ovale
  5. foramen spinosum
  6. foramen magnum
  7. foramen lacerum
  8. jugular foramen
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17
Q

Facial Bones

A

14 bones:
- 1 mandible
- 1 vomer
- 2 maxillae
- 2 zygomatic
- 2 nasal
- 2 lacriminal
- 2 palatines
- 2 inferior nasal conchae

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18
Q

Mandible

A
  • Contains lower teeth sockets
  • Has a body and rami
    Rami have:
  • Anterior coronoid process (for attachment of chewing muscles)
  • Posterior mandibular condyles (which articulate with mandibular fossas of the temporal bone)
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19
Q

Maxillae Bones

A
  • Forms the upper teeth sockets
  • Has the palatine process (which forms the anterior portion of the hard palate)
  • Contains sinuses
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20
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

Contains the temporal process (which articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch = cheek bone)

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21
Q

Nasal Bones

A

form the bridge of the nose

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22
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

with the lacriminal fossa

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23
Q

Palatine Bones

A

forms the posterior portion of the hard palate

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24
Q

Vomer

A

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

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25
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

forms part of the nasal cavity walls

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26
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • Located inferior to mandible
  • Does not directly articulate with any other bones
  • Attaches to the styloid process of the temporal bone
  • Supports the tongue, is an attachment for neck muscles and the muscles that move the voice box
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27
Q

The Vertebral Column Functions

A
  1. Protect the Spinal Cord
  2. Supports the head
  3. Attachment for ribs
  4. Attachment for skeletal muscles
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28
Q

The Vertebral Column Structure

A
  • 26 irregular vertebrae
  • Extends skull to pelvis
  • Posterior & anterior ligaments
  • Five regions:
    1.Cervical (7)
    2.Thoracic (12)
    3.Lumbar (5)
    4.Sacral (1)
    5.Coccyx (1)
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29
Q

KNOW

Spine curvature

A
  • Makes spine more like a spring than a rod
    4 curves:
    1.and 2. Cervical and lumbar convex
    3.and 4. Thoracic and sacral concave
30
Q

Scoliosis

Vetebral Column Disorder

A
  • Spinal cord has lateral(abnormal sideways) curvature
31
Q

Kyphosis

Vetebral Column Disorder

A
  • exagerated Thoraic curvature
  • causes the upper back to curve abnormally forward
  • affects geriatric people
32
Q

Lordosis

Vetebral Column Disorder

A
  • exagerated Lumbar curvature
  • affects pregnant women
33
Q

Vertebral Discs

A
  • in spine
  • Separate vertebrae
  • Outer fibrocartilage ring
  • Inner soft pulp
  • Shock absorbers
34
Q

Herniated disc

A
  • in spine
  • a spinal injury that occurs when a spinal disc is forced through a weakened part of the spine
  • causes: compression fracture
35
Q

7 Processes project from vertebral arch

A

Attachment for muscles:
- 1 Spinous process
- 2 Transverse processes
Articulations for adjoining vertebrae:
- 2 Superior articulating processes
- 2 Inferior articulating processes

36
Q

C1 = The Atlas

Cervical Vertebra(Spine)

A
  • No body
  • Large lateral masses (articulate with the occipital condyles)
  • Allows nodding motion
37
Q

C2 = The Axis

Cervical Vertebra(Spine)

A
  • Dens articulates in arch of Atlas
  • Allows head rotation
    Structure of C3-C7:
  • Body is oval
  • Spinous process is short, bifid
  • Vertebral foramen is large
  • Transverse processes have foramen
38
Q

Thoracic Vertebra(Spine)

A
  • Body is heart shaped
  • Spinous process is long, sharp, points inferior
  • Body has demifacets (for articulation with head of rib)
  • Transverse processes of T1 – T10 have facets (for articulation with tubercle of rib)
39
Q

Lumbar Vertebra

A
  • Body is large/thick
  • Vertebral foreman is small
  • Spinous process short, flat, project posterior
  • Articular processes are angled for sturdy support
40
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Fusion of 5 vertebrae
  • Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle
  • Promontory = superior surface of S1
  • Wings = fusion of transverse processes
  • Crest = posterior, medial, fusion of spinous processes, forms the sacral canal
  • Hiatus = inferior opening of canal
41
Q

Coccyx

A
  • Tailbone
  • Fusion of 4 reduced size vertebrae
42
Q

The Bony Thorax

A

Includes: ribs, sternum, costal cartilage Function:
- Protects thoracic organs
- Support shoulders & upper limbs
- Muscle attachment

43
Q

The Sternum

A
  • in the bony thorax
    Fusion of 3 bones:
  • Manubrium articulates with clavicles at clavicular notches and ribs 1 & 2
  • Body articulates with cartilage of ribs 2-7
  • Xiphoid attachment for diaphragm and abdominal muscles
44
Q

The Ribs

A
  • in the bony thorax
  • Shaft with groove for vessels/nerves on inferior border
  • Head: posterior end has 2 facets to articulate with vertebral bodies
  • Tubercle articulates with transverse processes of vertebra
45
Q

The Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Bones of the limbs and their girdles
  • Function: locomotion
46
Q

KNOW

Pectoral Girdle

A
  • Made of paired scapula and clavicles
  • Not true girdle – incomplete posteriorly
  • allows good range of motion (ROM)
47
Q

Clavicles

part of Pectoral Girdle

A
  • also known as the collar bone
  • S shaped
  • Sternal end articulates with manubrium of sternum (rounded and cupped)
  • Acromial end articulates with the acromium of scapula (wide, flattened)
  • Attachment for shoulder and neck muscles
  • Holds limbs laterally (break it they collapse forward)
  • Superior surface smooth
  • Inferior surface grooved and ridged – trapezoid line & conoid tubercle
48
Q

Scapula

part of Pectoral Girdle

A
  • Flat, triangular shaped bone
  • Lies dorsal from ribs 2 - 7
  • Borders: superior, medial, lateral
  • Glenoid Fossa articulates with humerus
  • Acromion (from spine) articulates with the clavicles
  • Corocoid attachment for biceps (bent little finger)
49
Q

Upper Limb

A

30 bones form the arm, forearm, and hand

50
Q

Humerus

A
  • Proximal head articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
  • Tubercles for muscle attachment
  • Intertubercle sulcus for bicep tendon
  • Deltoid tuberosity for insertion of deltoid muscle of the shoulder
  • Distal condyles (capitulum & trochlea) articulate with forearm (radius & ulna)
  • Epicondyles for muscle attachment
  • Coronoid and olecranon fossas form elbow with the ulnar processes
  • Ulnar nerve behind medial epicondyle
51
Q

Ulna (elbow - pinky side)

A
  • Proximal head (monkey wrench) – olecranon
    – Fits into olecranon fossa of humerus to form elbow
  • Trochlear notch rides on trochlea of humerus
  • Coronoid process fits into coronoid
    fossa of humerus
  • Lateral radial notch articulates with the radius
  • Distally articulates with the carpels of the hand at styloid process – not responsible for hand movement
52
Q

Radius – thumb side

A
  • Proximal head like suction cup
  • Head articulates with the capitulum
    of humerus
  • Allows rotation
  • Radial tuberosity for biceps muscle attachment
  • Distal end articulates with carpels
  • Styloid process sticks out laterally
53
Q

Hand

A
  • Carpals: wrist
  • Metacarpals: palm
    – I thumb
    – V pinky finger
  • Phalanges: fingers
    1. distal
    2. middle
    3. proximal
54
Q

Carpals

Hand

A
  • 8 marble sized short bones, held tightly together with ligaments
  • Only scaphoid & lunate articulate with radius
  • Anterior is concave and spanned by broad ligament that several tendons and nerves use as a tunnel
  • Inflammation of this ligament = carpal tunnel syndrome
55
Q

Metacarpals

Hand

A
  • 5 long bones that form the palm
  • numbered I - V, lateral to medial
  • heads form knuckles when you make a fist
56
Q

Phalanges

Hand

A

made of distal, middle and proximal long bones (except pollex, which has only distal and proximal – thumb)

57
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton
  • Supports the internal viscera
  • Made of a pair of coxal bones (hip bones) that are fused anteriorly
    – Posteriorly they are fused to the sacrum
  • Each coxal bone is made from a fusion of 3 bones: ilium, ischium and pubis
58
Q

Ilium

part of pelvic girdle

A
  • Large irregular bones that articulate with the sacrum
  • Consists of body and winglike ala
  • Spines for muscle attachment
  • Greater sciatic notch is used by the sciatic nerve (largest nerve in body)
59
Q

Ischium

part of pelvic girdle

A
  • Posterior and inferior coxal bones – L shaped
  • Lesser sciatic notch for nerves and blood vessels
  • Ischial spine – point of attachment of ligament to sacrum
  • Forms the obturator foramen – blood vessels & nerves
  • You sit on it
60
Q

Pubis

part of pelvic girdle

A
  • Anterior coxal bones
  • Fused anteriorly w/fibrocartilage disk (pubic symphysis)
  • Your bladder sits on it
61
Q

acetabulum

A
  • on the pelvic girdle
  • Where the three bones meet laterally they form a deep Fossa
  • acetabulum articulation for head of the femur
62
Q

Female Pelvic Girdle

A
  • False pelvis shallow
  • Large pelvic brim
  • Pubic arch (greater than) > 90°
  • Sacrum curvature accentuated
63
Q

Male Pelvic Girdle

A
  • False pelvis deeper
  • Small pelvic brim
  • Pubic arch (less than) < 90°
  • Sacrum curvature straighter
64
Q

Lower limb

A
  • 30 bones form the thigh, knee, leg, and foot
  • Thick, strong, weight bearing bones
65
Q

Femur

A
  • Longest, strongest bone in the body
  • Head forms a ball (fits into the acetabulum)
  • Fovea capitis – indentation for ligaments
  • Trocanters, tuberosities, and linea aspera for muscle attachment
  • Distal condyles articulate with the tibia and patella
66
Q

Patella

A
  • Sesamoid bone
  • Embedded in tendons
67
Q

Tibia

A
  • Medial leg bone (shin)
  • Proximal condyles articulate with the femur and fibula
  • Tibial tuberosity for muscle attachment
  • Distal end articulates with the talus and fibula and forms malleolus
68
Q

Fibula

A
  • Articulates proximally and distally with the tibia
  • Not a weight bearing bone
  • Helps stabilizes the ankle
69
Q

Foot

A
  • Made of tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
  • Supports the body
  • Acts as a lever to propel you forward in motion
  • Arch designed to give when weight is applied
70
Q

Tarsus

A
  • 7 short bones
  • talus articulates with the tibia and
    fibula
  • calcaneous forms the heal (the Achilles tendon of the calf muscles attach to it)
71
Q

Metatarsus

A
  • 5 long bones
  • numbered I - V medial to lateral
72
Q

Phalanges

A

3 long bones in each, except the hallux (big toe)

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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