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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.1 The Human Body > Flashcards

Ch.1 The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the body parts and how these parts are related to each other

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2
Q

Gross (macroscopic)

A

Study of large body parts – visible to the naked eye (organs). Shape, position, relationship to other structures

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3
Q

Surface

A

Study of internal structure as related to overlying skin surface (muscle, blood vessels)
- structures under the skin

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4
Q

Microscopic

A

Study of small structures, using a microscope

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5
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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6
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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7
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of body parts, how they work

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8
Q

Principle of Complimentary

A
  • function always reflected in structure
  • what a structure is capable of doing depends on its form
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9
Q

Examples of the principle of complementary

A
  • Muscles can contract because they have contractile
    units
  • The kidneys filter blood because they contain filtration membranes
  • RBCs carry O2 because they are full of hemoglobin = a pigment causes skin to become red
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10
Q

Atom

A
  • 1st step to body organization
  • atoms combine to form molecules
  • made up of 3 particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
  • chemical level
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11
Q

molecule

A
  • 2nd step to body organization
  • atoms bonded together
  • chemical level
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12
Q

cell

A
  • 4th step to body organization
  • made of molecules
    -cellular level
  • Ex: smooth muscle cell
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13
Q

organelle

A
  • 3rd step to body organization
  • a specialized structure in a living cell
  • cellular level
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14
Q

tissues

A
  • 5th step to body organization
  • consists of similar types of cells
  • tissue level
  • Ex: smooth muscle tissue
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15
Q

organ

A
  • 6th step to body organization
  • made of different types of tissues
  • organ level
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16
Q

organ system level

A
  • 7th step to body organization
  • made of different organs working closely
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17
Q

organism level

A
  • 8th step to body organization
    -made up of many organ systems
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18
Q

integumentary system

A
  • consists of skin, hair and nails
    function:
  • forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury
    -synthesizes vitamin C
  • houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
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19
Q

skeletal system

A
  • consists of bones and joint
    function:
  • protects and supports body organs
  • provides framework to muscles for movement
  • blood cells formed within bones
  • bones store minerals
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20
Q

muscular system

A
  • consists of muscles
    function:
  • allows manipulation of locomotion and facial expression
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
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21
Q

nervous system

A
  • consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves
    function:
  • control system of body
  • responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
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22
Q

endocrine system

A
  • consists of glands, thymus, pancreas, ovary and testis
    function:
  • glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
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23
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • consists of heart and blood vessels
    function:
  • blood vessels transport blood to carry oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste
  • heart pumps blood
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24
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • consists of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
    function:
  • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood
  • houses white blood cells (lymphocytes involved in immunity)
  • immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within body
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25
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs
    function:
  • keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
  • gaseous exchanges occur through walls of air sacs of the lungs
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26
Q

Digestive system

A
  • consists of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
    function:
  • breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
  • indigestible food eliminated as feces
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27
Q

urinary system

A
  • consists of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
    function:
  • eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
  • regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
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28
Q

Male reproductive system

A
  • consists of testes to produce sperm and male sex hormone
  • male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
  • Function: production of offspring
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29
Q

Female reproductive system

A
  • ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
  • remaining female structure are sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
  • mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
  • function: production of offspring
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30
Q

General Life Functions

A
  1. Maintaining Boundaries = separate outside world from the inner body
  2. Movement = locomotion, plus through tubes
  3. Responsiveness = sense changes in the environment and respond to
    them
  4. Digestion = taking in nutrients
  5. Metabolism = processing energy and nutrients
  6. Excretion = removal of waste
  7. Reproduction = make offspring
  8. Growth = increase size
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31
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Ability to maintain stable, favorable internal conditions even though there are changes in the external environment
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32
Q

homeostatic control systems

A
  • negative feedback
  • positive feedback
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33
Q

What happens with body temperature rises (stimulus)?

A
  1. Effectors: sweat glands activated
  2. Response: evaporation of sweat –> body temp falls –> stimulus ends –> balance
34
Q

Negative feedback control

A
  • brings condition back to normal level
    1. stimulus
    2. receptors: temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain
    –> afferent pathway: info to control center by receptors –>
    3. control center: thermoregulatory center in brain
    –> efferent pathway: info to effectors by control center
    4. Effectors
    5. Response
35
Q

What happens with body temperature falls (stimulus)?

A
  1. Effectors: skeletal muscles –> shivering begins
  2. Response: body temp rises –> stimulus ends –> balance
36
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • takes condition further from normal
    Ex: blood coagulation
    1. Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall
    –> positive feedback cycle is initiated –>
    2. platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
    3. released chemicals attract more platelets
    4. platelet plug forms
37
Q

Survival needs

A
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Body temperture
  • Atmospheric pressure
38
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • position of body
39
Q

Body divisions

A
  • Axial = trunk/torso
  • Appendicular = limbs
40
Q

Regional terms

A

specific areas within body divisions

41
Q

Directional terms

A

where one body structure is in relation to another ex ears

42
Q

Superior (cranial)

A
  • “above”
  • toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
    Ex: The head is superior to the abdomen
43
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A
  • “below”
  • away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
  • Ex: the navel is inferior to the chin
44
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A
  • “in front of”
  • toward or at the front of the body
  • Ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
45
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

Directional term

A
  • “behind”
  • toward or at the back of the body
  • Ex: the heart is posterior to the breast-bone
46
Q

Medial

A
  • Toward or at the midline of the body
  • on the inner side of
  • Ex: the heart is medial to the arm
47
Q

lateral

Directional term

A
  • away from the midline of the body
  • on the outer side of
  • Ex: The arms are lateral to the chest
48
Q

Intermediate

A
  • between a more medial and more lateral structure
  • Ex: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
49
Q

Proximal

Directional term

A
  • Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
  • The elbow is closer to the body than the wrist
50
Q

Distal

A
  • father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • knee is distal (away from) to the thigh(origin)
51
Q

Superficial (external)

Directional term

A

Toward or at the body surface
- Ex: The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

52
Q

Deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface
- Ex: the lungs are deep to the skin

53
Q

Sagittal

A

left/right

54
Q

frontal (coronal)

Body planes

A

anterior/posterior

55
Q

transverse

Body planes

A

superior/inferior
- divides the body into upper and lower sections

56
Q

Frontal plane

A

through torso
- separates front and back of body

57
Q

transverse plane

A

through torso, inferior view
- separates top and bottom half of body

58
Q

Midsaggital plane

A

separates both sides of chest

59
Q

parasagittal plane

A
  • unequal left and right halve
60
Q

cavity

A

space within the body

61
Q

closed cavity

A

cavity has no connection with outer environment

62
Q

serous membrane

A

double membrane layer
- Ex: visceral serousa + parietal serosa
- separated by a cavity containing serous fluid to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall

63
Q

Visceral

A

sits on the organ

64
Q

Parietal

A

lines the cavity

65
Q

pleural

A

thin layer of tissue that covers the lung

66
Q

pericardial

A

a sac that surrounds the heart in between the lungs

67
Q

pericardium

A

fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

68
Q

peritoneum

A

2 thin layers that line the abdominal cavity

69
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
70
Q

Epigastric region

A

Stomach

71
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A
  • diaphragm
  • spleen
72
Q

Right lumbar region

A
  • ascending colon of large intestine
72
Q

Umbilical region

A
  • small intestine
  • transverse colon of large intestine
72
Q

left lumbar region

A

descending colon of large intestine

73
Q

Right iliac region

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
73
Q

Hypogastric region

A

urinary bladder

73
Q

left iliac region

A

initial part of sigmoid colon

74
Q

Which of the following organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes?

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Cardiovascular system
  3. Respiratory system
75
Q

Ventral cavities

A
  1. thoracic cavity
  2. abdominopelvic cavities: abdominal and pelvic cavity
76
Q

Dorsal cavities

A
  1. vertebral/spinal cavity
  2. cranial cavity

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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