Ch.1 The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of the structure of the body parts and how these parts are related to each other
2
Q
Gross (macroscopic)
A
Study of large body parts – visible to the naked eye (organs). Shape, position, relationship to other structures
3
Q
Surface
A
Study of internal structure as related to overlying skin surface (muscle, blood vessels)
- structures under the skin
4
Q
Microscopic
A
Study of small structures, using a microscope
5
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
6
Q
Histology
A
study of tissues
7
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the function of body parts, how they work
8
Q
Principle of Complimentary
A
- function always reflected in structure
- what a structure is capable of doing depends on its form
9
Q
Examples of the principle of complementary
A
- Muscles can contract because they have contractile
units - The kidneys filter blood because they contain filtration membranes
- RBCs carry O2 because they are full of hemoglobin = a pigment causes skin to become red
10
Q
Atom
A
- 1st step to body organization
- atoms combine to form molecules
- made up of 3 particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
- chemical level
11
Q
molecule
A
- 2nd step to body organization
- atoms bonded together
- chemical level
12
Q
cell
A
- 4th step to body organization
- made of molecules
-cellular level - Ex: smooth muscle cell
13
Q
organelle
A
- 3rd step to body organization
- a specialized structure in a living cell
- cellular level
14
Q
tissues
A
- 5th step to body organization
- consists of similar types of cells
- tissue level
- Ex: smooth muscle tissue
15
Q
organ
A
- 6th step to body organization
- made of different types of tissues
- organ level
16
Q
organ system level
A
- 7th step to body organization
- made of different organs working closely
17
Q
organism level
A
- 8th step to body organization
-made up of many organ systems
18
Q
integumentary system
A
- consists of skin, hair and nails
function: - forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury
-synthesizes vitamin C - houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
19
Q
skeletal system
A
- consists of bones and joint
function: - protects and supports body organs
- provides framework to muscles for movement
- blood cells formed within bones
- bones store minerals
20
Q
muscular system
A
- consists of muscles
function: - allows manipulation of locomotion and facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
21
Q
nervous system
A
- consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves
function: - control system of body
- responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
22
Q
endocrine system
A
- consists of glands, thymus, pancreas, ovary and testis
function: - glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
23
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
- consists of heart and blood vessels
function: - blood vessels transport blood to carry oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste
- heart pumps blood
24
Q
Lymphatic system
A
- consists of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
function: - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood
- houses white blood cells (lymphocytes involved in immunity)
- immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within body
25
Respiratory system
- consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs
function:
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
- gaseous exchanges occur through walls of air sacs of the lungs
26
Digestive system
- consists of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
function:
- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- indigestible food eliminated as feces
27
urinary system
- consists of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
function:
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
28
Male reproductive system
- consists of testes to produce sperm and male sex hormone
- male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
- Function: production of offspring
29
Female reproductive system
- ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- remaining female structure are sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
- mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
- function: production of offspring
30
General Life Functions
1. Maintaining Boundaries = separate outside world from the inner body
2. Movement = locomotion, plus through tubes
3. Responsiveness = sense changes in the environment and respond to
them
4. Digestion = taking in nutrients
5. Metabolism = processing energy and nutrients
6. Excretion = removal of waste
7. Reproduction = make offspring
8. Growth = increase size
31
Homeostasis
- Ability to maintain stable, favorable internal conditions even though there are changes in the external environment
32
homeostatic control systems
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
33
What happens with body temperature rises (stimulus)?
4. Effectors: sweat glands activated
5. Response: evaporation of sweat --> body temp falls --> stimulus ends --> balance
34
Negative feedback control
- brings condition back to normal level
1. stimulus
2. receptors: temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain
--> afferent pathway: info to control center by receptors -->
3. control center: thermoregulatory center in brain
--> efferent pathway: info to effectors by control center
4. Effectors
5. Response
35
What happens with body temperature falls (stimulus)?
4. Effectors: skeletal muscles --> shivering begins
5. Response: body temp rises --> stimulus ends --> balance
36
Positive feedback
- takes condition further from normal
Ex: blood coagulation
1. Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall
--> positive feedback cycle is initiated -->
2. platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
3. released chemicals attract more platelets
4. platelet plug forms
37
Survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Body temperture
- Atmospheric pressure
38
Anatomical position
- position of body
39
Body divisions
- Axial = trunk/torso
- Appendicular = limbs
40
Regional terms
specific areas within body divisions
41
Directional terms
where one body structure is in relation to another ex ears
42
Superior (cranial)
- "above"
- toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Ex: The head is superior to the abdomen
43
Inferior (caudal)
- "below"
- away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
- Ex: the navel is inferior to the chin
44
Ventral (anterior)
- "in front of"
- toward or at the front of the body
- Ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
45
Dorsal (posterior)
| Directional term
- "behind"
- toward or at the back of the body
- Ex: the heart is posterior to the breast-bone
46
Medial
- Toward or at the midline of the body
- on the inner side of
- Ex: the heart is medial to the arm
47
lateral
| Directional term
- away from the midline of the body
- on the outer side of
- Ex: The arms are lateral to the chest
48
Intermediate
- between a more medial and more lateral structure
- Ex: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
49
Proximal
| Directional term
- Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
- The elbow is closer to the body than the wrist
50
Distal
- father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- knee is distal (away from) to the thigh(origin)
51
Superficial (external)
| Directional term
Toward or at the body surface
- Ex: The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
52
Deep (internal)
away from the body surface
- Ex: the lungs are deep to the skin
53
Sagittal
left/right
54
frontal (coronal)
| Body planes
anterior/posterior
55
transverse
| Body planes
superior/inferior
- divides the body into upper and lower sections
56
Frontal plane
through torso
- separates front and back of body
57
transverse plane
through torso, inferior view
- separates top and bottom half of body
58
Midsaggital plane
separates both sides of chest
59
parasagittal plane
- unequal left and right halve
60
cavity
space within the body
61
closed cavity
cavity has no connection with outer environment
62
serous membrane
double membrane layer
- Ex: visceral serousa + parietal serosa
- separated by a cavity containing serous fluid to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall
63
Visceral
sits on the organ
64
Parietal
lines the cavity
65
pleural
thin layer of tissue that covers the lung
66
pericardial
a sac that surrounds the heart in between the lungs
67
pericardium
fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
68
peritoneum
2 thin layers that line the abdominal cavity
69
Right hypochondriac region
- liver
- gallbladder
70
Epigastric region
Stomach
71
Left hypochondriac region
- diaphragm
- spleen
72
Right lumbar region
- ascending colon of large intestine
72
Umbilical region
- small intestine
- transverse colon of large intestine
72
left lumbar region
descending colon of large intestine
73
Right iliac region
- cecum
- appendix
73
Hypogastric region
urinary bladder
73
left iliac region
initial part of sigmoid colon
74
Which of the following organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes?
1. Digestive system
2. Cardiovascular system
3. Respiratory system
75
Ventral cavities
1. thoracic cavity
2. abdominopelvic cavities: abdominal and pelvic cavity
76
Dorsal cavities
1. vertebral/spinal cavity
2. cranial cavity
