Ch.1 The Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the structure of the body parts and how these parts are related to each other
Gross (macroscopic)
Study of large body parts – visible to the naked eye (organs). Shape, position, relationship to other structures
Surface
Study of internal structure as related to overlying skin surface (muscle, blood vessels)
- structures under the skin
Microscopic
Study of small structures, using a microscope
Cytology
study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Physiology
Study of the function of body parts, how they work
Principle of Complimentary
- function always reflected in structure
- what a structure is capable of doing depends on its form
Examples of the principle of complementary
- Muscles can contract because they have contractile
units - The kidneys filter blood because they contain filtration membranes
- RBCs carry O2 because they are full of hemoglobin = a pigment causes skin to become red
Atom
- 1st step to body organization
- atoms combine to form molecules
- made up of 3 particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
- chemical level
molecule
- 2nd step to body organization
- atoms bonded together
- chemical level
cell
- 4th step to body organization
- made of molecules
-cellular level - Ex: smooth muscle cell
organelle
- 3rd step to body organization
- a specialized structure in a living cell
- cellular level
tissues
- 5th step to body organization
- consists of similar types of cells
- tissue level
- Ex: smooth muscle tissue
organ
- 6th step to body organization
- made of different types of tissues
- organ level
organ system level
- 7th step to body organization
- made of different organs working closely
organism level
- 8th step to body organization
-made up of many organ systems
integumentary system
- consists of skin, hair and nails
function: - forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury
-synthesizes vitamin C - houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
skeletal system
- consists of bones and joint
function: - protects and supports body organs
- provides framework to muscles for movement
- blood cells formed within bones
- bones store minerals
muscular system
- consists of muscles
function: - allows manipulation of locomotion and facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
nervous system
- consists of brain, spinal cord and nerves
function: - control system of body
- responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
endocrine system
- consists of glands, thymus, pancreas, ovary and testis
function: - glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Cardiovascular system
- consists of heart and blood vessels
function: - blood vessels transport blood to carry oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste
- heart pumps blood
Lymphatic system
- consists of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
function: - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood
- houses white blood cells (lymphocytes involved in immunity)
- immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within body
Respiratory system
- consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs
function: - keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
- gaseous exchanges occur through walls of air sacs of the lungs
Digestive system
- consists of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
function: - breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- indigestible food eliminated as feces
urinary system
- consists of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
function: - eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
Male reproductive system
- consists of testes to produce sperm and male sex hormone
- male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
- Function: production of offspring
Female reproductive system
- ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- remaining female structure are sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
- mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
- function: production of offspring
General Life Functions
- Maintaining Boundaries = separate outside world from the inner body
- Movement = locomotion, plus through tubes
- Responsiveness = sense changes in the environment and respond to
them - Digestion = taking in nutrients
- Metabolism = processing energy and nutrients
- Excretion = removal of waste
- Reproduction = make offspring
- Growth = increase size
Homeostasis
- Ability to maintain stable, favorable internal conditions even though there are changes in the external environment
homeostatic control systems
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
What happens with body temperature rises (stimulus)?
- Effectors: sweat glands activated
- Response: evaporation of sweat –> body temp falls –> stimulus ends –> balance
Negative feedback control
- brings condition back to normal level
1. stimulus
2. receptors: temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain
–> afferent pathway: info to control center by receptors –>
3. control center: thermoregulatory center in brain
–> efferent pathway: info to effectors by control center
4. Effectors
5. Response
What happens with body temperature falls (stimulus)?
- Effectors: skeletal muscles –> shivering begins
- Response: body temp rises –> stimulus ends –> balance
Positive feedback
- takes condition further from normal
Ex: blood coagulation
1. Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall
–> positive feedback cycle is initiated –>
2. platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
3. released chemicals attract more platelets
4. platelet plug forms
Survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Body temperture
- Atmospheric pressure
Anatomical position
- position of body
Body divisions
- Axial = trunk/torso
- Appendicular = limbs
Regional terms
specific areas within body divisions
Directional terms
where one body structure is in relation to another ex ears
Superior (cranial)
- “above”
- toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Ex: The head is superior to the abdomen
Inferior (caudal)
- “below”
- away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
- Ex: the navel is inferior to the chin
Ventral (anterior)
- “in front of”
- toward or at the front of the body
- Ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
Dorsal (posterior)
Directional term
- “behind”
- toward or at the back of the body
- Ex: the heart is posterior to the breast-bone
Medial
- Toward or at the midline of the body
- on the inner side of
- Ex: the heart is medial to the arm
lateral
Directional term
- away from the midline of the body
- on the outer side of
- Ex: The arms are lateral to the chest
Intermediate
- between a more medial and more lateral structure
- Ex: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal
Directional term
- Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
- The elbow is closer to the body than the wrist
Distal
- father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- knee is distal (away from) to the thigh(origin)
Superficial (external)
Directional term
Toward or at the body surface
- Ex: The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Deep (internal)
away from the body surface
- Ex: the lungs are deep to the skin
Sagittal
left/right
frontal (coronal)
Body planes
anterior/posterior
transverse
Body planes
superior/inferior
- divides the body into upper and lower sections
Frontal plane
through torso
- separates front and back of body
transverse plane
through torso, inferior view
- separates top and bottom half of body
Midsaggital plane
separates both sides of chest
parasagittal plane
- unequal left and right halve
cavity
space within the body
closed cavity
cavity has no connection with outer environment
serous membrane
double membrane layer
- Ex: visceral serousa + parietal serosa
- separated by a cavity containing serous fluid to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall
Visceral
sits on the organ
Parietal
lines the cavity
pleural
thin layer of tissue that covers the lung
pericardial
a sac that surrounds the heart in between the lungs
pericardium
fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
peritoneum
2 thin layers that line the abdominal cavity
Right hypochondriac region
- liver
- gallbladder
Epigastric region
Stomach
Left hypochondriac region
- diaphragm
- spleen
Right lumbar region
- ascending colon of large intestine
Umbilical region
- small intestine
- transverse colon of large intestine
left lumbar region
descending colon of large intestine
Right iliac region
- cecum
- appendix
Hypogastric region
urinary bladder
left iliac region
initial part of sigmoid colon
Which of the following organ systems are involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes?
- Digestive system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
Ventral cavities
- thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavities: abdominal and pelvic cavity
Dorsal cavities
- vertebral/spinal cavity
- cranial cavity
