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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.12 > Flashcards

Ch.12 Flashcards

1
Q

x

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • Majority of brain mass (83%)
  • Superficial gray matter - cerebral cortex
  • deeper white matter: tracts
  • deepest gray matter are the cerebral nuclei
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2
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • cauliflower shape
  • Two hemispheres connected by vermis
  • white matter on cerebellum forms the arbor vitae
    – Sits in posterior cranial fossa
    – Each hemisphere has anterior, posterior and flocculonodular region
    – It receives input from the motor cortex, sensory receptors, proprioceptors (stretch), and brain stem
    – Functions to coordinate skeletal muscle movement, maintains posture and balance
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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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4
Q

Brain stem

A
  • continuous with the spinal cord
  • Consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain
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5
Q

Brain Anatomy

A

deep gray matter (neuron cell bodies) –> white matter (myelinated fiber tracts) –> superficial gray matter

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6
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Fluid (CSF) fills these spaces in brain, all connected to each other and to central canal of spinal cord
    1. Lateral ventricles
  • Pockets into the cerebral hemispheres
    2. Third ventricle
  • Narrow canal through the diencephalons
    3. Fourth ventricle
  • Canal under brain stem
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7
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • Colorless liquid: circulates through the subarachnoid space of the brain, spinal cord, ventricles , central canal of cord
  • Function: cushion brain and cord, provide buoyancy, circulates nutrients for optimal neuron functioning and eliminates waste products
  • Made by ependymal cells of choroid plexus located in each ventricles.
  • returned to circulatory system (dural sinuses) by the arachoid villi
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8
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A
  • Endothelial cells have tight junctions, thick basement membranes - form a seal so only selected substances enter the brain
  • Barrier is ineffective against fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide. Nicotine, alcohol, and anesthetics affect the brain as they are fat soluble
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9
Q

Cortex

A
  • Responsible for higher thinking
  • Has Sensory, Motor, and Multimodal Association areas
  • Within these areas there is regional dedication
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10
Q

Primary motor (somatic) cortex

Motor

A
  • Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
  • Large pyramidal neurons form pyramidal tracts (corticospinal)
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11
Q

Premotor cortex

Motor

A

Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills ex musical instrument

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12
Q

Broca’s area

Motor

A
  • Speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
  • Usually only on left side.
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13
Q

Frontal Eye Field

Motor

A

Controls voluntary eye movement

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14
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

Sensory

A

Receives info from skin and skeletal muscles; exhibits spatial discrimination

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15
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

Sensory

A
  • comprehensive understanding of stimulus
  • Determines size, texture, and relationship
  • Ex: recognition of contents of pocket
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16
Q

Visual areas

Sensory

A

Receives visual information from retinas & interprets (color, form, movement)

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17
Q

Auditory areas

Sensory

A

Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

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18
Q

Olfactory cortex

Sensory

A

Conscious awareness of odors
involved in smell

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19
Q

Gustatory cortex

Sensory

A

involved in taste

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20
Q

Visceral sensory area

Sensory

A
  • conscious perception visceral sensation
  • Ex: full bladder, upset stomach
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21
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

involved in balance and equilibrium

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22
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, personality, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
  • associated with Limbic system
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23
Q

Language area

A

Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, Lateral prefrontal cortex ,Lateral & ventral temporal lobe

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24
Q

General interpretation area

A

integrates multiple stimuli for understanding

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25
Q

Visceral association area

A

perception of visceral sensations

26
Q

White matter of cerebrum

A

Deep to the cortex, made of
myelinated axons connecting
different areas

27
Q

Commissures

White matter of cerebrum

A
  • Tracts that connect corresponding areas between the two hemispheres
  • Largest is corpus callosum (superior to lateral ventricles)
28
Q

Association fibers

White matter of cerebrum

A

Tracts connecting areas within the same hemisphere

29
Q

Projection fibers

White matter of cerebrum

A

Tracts entering and leaving the cerebrum from other regions

30
Q

Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum

A
  • Basal nuclei (Basal Ganglia – cell bodies – gray matter)
  • Consists of many nuclei, receive input from many areas and perform diverse functions
  • Huntington’s Disease results in massive degeneration of these nuclei which then progresses to cortex
31
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Intermediate to the brain stem and cerebrum
  • Forms core of forebrain; all gray matter
  • Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
32
Q

Thalamus

Diencephalon

A
  • Gateway to the cerebral cortex
  • Sensory relay station where sensory signals can be edited, sorted, & routed; motor & cognitive function
33
Q

Hypothalamus

Diencephalon

A
  • Attached to Pituitary gland
  • Main visceral control center for homeostasis in the body
  • Autonomic Regulatory Center, Emotional Response, Regulation of Body Temperature, Regulation of Food Intake, Regulation of Water Balance and Thirst, Regulation of Sleep/Wake Cycles, Hormonal Control, heart rate, blood pressure
34
Q

Epithalamus

Diencephalon

A
  • Releases melatonin from pineal gland; regulates sleep/wake cycle and food/water intake, emotional response to odors
35
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Three parts: medulla, pons, midbrain
  • Responsible for low level activities, reflexes and automated responses
  • Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
    – Connects cerebrum to spinal cord
36
Q

Midbrain

Brain Stem

A
  • Contains reflex centers that move eyes and head
  • maintains posture, auditory reflex center
36
Q

Pons

Brain Stem

A
  • Relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata & cerebrum
  • helps regulate breathing rate and depth
36
Q

Medulla Oblongata

Brain Stem

A
  • Conducts impulses between brain and spinal cord
  • contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers; nonvital reflex control centers
37
Q

Substancia nigra

Midbrain

A
  • nucleus for unconscious muscle activity
  • dopamine releasing neurons die here during Parkinson’s Disease
38
Q

Pons

A
  • has fiber tracts sensory and motor to cerebellum
  • has nuclei associated with breathing
39
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • homeostasis centers for heart rate, vessel diameter, and respiration
  • reflex centers for vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing
40
Q

Concussion

Brain Trauma

A

blow to the head with temporary symptoms (dizzy, nausea, blurry vision)

41
Q

Contusion

Brain Trauma

A

results from serious concussion that bruises brain and causes some permanent damage

42
Q

Stroke

Brain Trauma

A

brain blood flow has been blocked and tissue dies

43
Q

Spinal cord

A

Functions:
- Pathway to/from brain
- Coordinate spinal cord reflexes
Structure:
- 16”-18” long
- 3/4” diameter
- Associated with 31 pair of spinal nerve
- Gray matter in core, white matter is outside

44
Q

Subarachnoid space

Meninges of spinal cord

A
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid
45
Q

Subdural space

Meninges of spinal cord

A

contains
interstitial fluid

46
Q

Pia mater

Meninges of spinal cord

A

transparent, thin connective tissue

47
Q

Arachnoid mater

Meninges of spinal cord

A

loose connective tissue

48
Q

Dura mater

Meninges of spinal cord

A

dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with inner layer of brain dura mater

49
Q

Epidural space

A

Filled with fat and blood vessels

50
Q

Gray Matter

Spinal cord

A
  • unmyelinated axons + cell bodies of multipolar neurons
  • Form the horns & Gray commissure
51
Q

Dorsal Horn

Gray Matter

A

contains cell bodies of interneurons

52
Q

Ventral Horn

Gray Matter

A

contains cell bodies of motor neurons

53
Q

Lateral Horn

Gray Matter

A
  • Located only in upper lumbar/thoracic and sacral regions
  • House cell bodies of autonomic (sympathetic division) motor neurons
54
Q

White Matter

Spinal cord

A
  • Contains myelinated axons
  • Arranged in roots + columns
55
Q

Dorsal root

White Matter

A

contains axons entering the CNS

56
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

White Matter

A

Contains cell bodies to
Sensory neurons

57
Q

Ventral root

White Matter

A

contains axons exiting the CNS

58
Q

Columns (funiculi)

White Matter

A
  • named by origin and destination
  • all are paired (left/right)
  • columns contain tracts with similar destinations/functions
  • most all cross over in the cord

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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