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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.4 Tissue > Flashcards

Ch.4 Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells similar in structure and function

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2
Q

4 primary tissue types

A
  • epithelium
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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3
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • internal communication
  • brain, spinal cord, nerves
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4
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • contracts to cause movement
    1. skeletal: muscles attached to bone
    2. cardiac: muscles of heart
    3. smooth: muscles of walls of hollow organs
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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • forms boundries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
  • skin surface (epidermis)
  • lining of Gi tract organs and other hollow organs
  • two types: lining & covering + glandular
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6
Q

lining & covering epithelium function

type of epithelial tissue

A
  1. protection
  2. absorption
  3. filtration
  4. excretion
  5. secretion
  6. sensory reception
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7
Q

lining & covering epithelium characteristics

type of epithelial tissue

A
  1. close packed cells
  2. Polarity
    apical – free surface (no tissue attached)
    basal – attached to underlying basement membrane
  3. basement membrane - connective tissue that anchors and supports the epithelium
    Two layers:
    basal lamina - noncellular, adhesive sheet of glycoproteins reticular lamina - between basal lamina & underlying tissue made of thin collagen fibers
  4. avascular ( no capillaries…..nutrients diffuse through underlying connective tissue)
  5. fast regeneration (short life span due to stress, high rate of mitosis)
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8
Q

lining & covering epithelium nomenclature

A

first name = how many layers of cells
- simple: diffusion, absorption, filtration
- stratified: protection
second name = shape of apical cells
- squamaous
- cubodial
- columnar

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9
Q

stratified cubodial

epithelium

A
  • quite rare in body
  • found in some sweat and mammary glands, secretory function
  • typically two cell layers thick
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10
Q

Stratified Columnar

A
  • Limited distribution in body
  • Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
  • occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
  • structural integrity, seen where tissue types meet
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11
Q

Glandular epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue

A
  • Glands are organs that make and secrete a product (usually a water based fluid with proteins)
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12
Q

Glandular epithelium classification

A
  1. endocrine (ductless glands)
    - Product = hormones
    - Secretion is into the blood
  2. exocrine (ducted glands)
    - Products vary
    - Secretion is through a duct onto a body surface
    - Unicellular = single cells mixed among epithelial cells example = goblet cells
    - Multicellular = consist of a secretory unit and a duct
    - - merocrine = secretes product by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat, saliva)
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13
Q

Exocrine gland multicellular types

Glandular epithelium –> exocrine glands –> 2 multicellular types

A
  1. merocrine: secretes product by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat, salvia)
  2. holocrine: product accumulates and cell ruptures to release product (oil glands)
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14
Q

connective tissue types

A
  1. Fibrous connective tissue (connective tissue proper) – fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments
  2. Supporting connective tissue – cartilage and bone
  3. Fluid connective tissue – blood and lymph
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15
Q

connective tissue function

A
  • Binding of organs
  • Support
  • Physical protection
  • Immune protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Insulation
    -Transport
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16
Q

connective tissues charcteristics

A
  • Varying degrees of vascularity
  • Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
17
Q

connective tissue structure

A
  • Ground substance - Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
  • Mitotically active and secretory cells = “blasts”
    • Mature cells = “cytes”
      Components:
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Adhesion proteins (“glue”) - fibers that link cells
    – ex. Fibronectin – attaches collagen to other substances
  • Proteoglycans (protein + sugar)
    – ex. Hyaluronic acid – viscous, slippery, holds water
18
Q

Three fibers of connective tissue

A
  1. Collagen (white fibers)
    - Strongest and most abundant type
    - Provides high tensile strength
  2. Elastic: Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch
  3. Reticular: Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
19
Q

Connective Tissue cell types

A
  • Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
  • Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage
  • Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone
  • Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
  • Fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
20
Q

Fibrous connective tissue (connective tissue proper) types

A
  1. Loose – areolar, reticular and adipose
  2. Dense – regular, irregular and elastic
21
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue Types

A
  1. cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
  2. bone
22
Q

Cartilage Tissue Structure Characteristics

Connective Tissue –> Supporting Connective Tissue –> Cartilage Tissue

A
  • Composition = avascular and not innervated
  • ground substance = can be up to 80% water
  • fibers = mostly fine collagen and some elastin
  • cells = chondrocytes in lacunae
  • Function = strong, yet f lexible, supportive
23
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Description:
- Amorphous and firm matrix
- collagen fibers form an imperceptible network;
- chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
Function:
- Supports and reinforces
- has resilient cushioning properties
- resists compressive stress.
Location:
- Forms embryonic skeleton
- covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
- forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

24
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Description:
- Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
Function:
- Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Location:
- Supports the external ear (pinna) + epiglottis

25
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Description:
- Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage
- thick collagen fibers predominate
Function:
- Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
Location:
- Intervertebral discs

26
Q

Bone Tissue characteristics

Connective Tissue –> Supporting Connective Tissue –> Bone Tissue

A
  • well vascularized & innervated
  • ground substance = contains calcium salts
  • fibers = layers of collagen adjacent layers run in opposite direction
  • cells = osteocytes, adipocytes, hemocytoblasts
27
Q

Bone Tissue

Connective Tissue –> Supporting Connective Tissue –> Bone Tissue

A

Description:
- Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
- osteocytes lie in lacunae
- well vascularized.
Function:
- Bone supports and protects (by enclosing)
- provides levers for the muscles to act on
- stores calcium, minerals and fat
- marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

28
Q

Fluid Connective Tissues

Type of Connective Tissue

A

Structure:
- Liquid Tissue:
– Plasma and blood clotting fibers
- Cells:
– Rbc’s
– Wbc’s
– platelets
- Types: Blood and Lymph

29
Q

Blood

Connective Tissue –> Fluid Connective Tissue –> Blood

A

Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
Location: Contained within blood vessels.

30
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Cells: Neurons(branching cells) + neuroglia
  • Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.
    Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
31
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Structural Elements:
3 types of cells:
- Myocytes
- Cardiocytes
- Visible nuclei
Striations (skeletal and cardiac)
Intercalated discs (cardiac)
3 types:
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth

32
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Type of Muscle Tissue

A

Description:
- Long + cylindrical
- multinucleated cells
- striated
Function:
- Voluntary movement/ control
- locomotion
- manipulation of the environment
- facial expression
Location:
- In skeletal muscles attached to bones or skin

33
Q

Cardiac muscle

Type of Muscle Tissue

A

Description:
- Branching
- striated
- uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
Function:
- contracts –> propels blood into the circulation
- involuntary control
Location:
- The walls of the heart.

34
Q

Smooth Muscle

Type of Muscle Tissue

A

Description:
- Spindle-shaped cells with 1 central nuclei
- not striated
- cells arranged closely to form sheets
Function:
- Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine along internal passage ways
- involuntary control
Location:
- Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

35
Q

Types of Membranes

A
  • Cutaneous
  • Mucous
  • Serous
36
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A
  • skin
  • stratified squamous epithelium + dense irregular connective tissue
37
Q

Mucous Membranes

A
  • Structure = epithelium varies (stratified
    squamous, simple columnar, or pseudostratified) + areolar loose
    connective tissue (this is called lamina propria)
  • Location = lines cavities that are open to the external environment (digestive, respiratory, urogenitalia)
38
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • Structure = simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + areolar connective tissue
  • Location = lines cavities not open to external environment (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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