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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.13 > Flashcards

Ch.13 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • Classified by Stimulus Detected and Location
  • Mechanoreceptors - pressure
  • Thermoreceptors - temperature
  • Photoreceptors - light
  • Chemoreceptors – chemicals in solution
  • Nociceptors - pain
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2
Q

Classified by Location

Sensory Receptors

A
  • Exteroceptors: detect stimulus from outside body (merkel cells in skin, photoreceptors in eye, etc.)
  • Interoceptors (visceroceptors): detect stimuli inside body (blood pressure, bladder filling, etc.)
  • Proprioceptors: detect stretch in muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments
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3
Q

Receptor pathway

A

Stimulation detected by receptor
↓
graded potential
↓
Action potential
↓
Impulse to sensory cortex of brain
Localization and Interpretation (perception)

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4
Q

The frequency of the impulses

A

helps the cortex interpret the strength of the stimulus

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5
Q

Adaptation

Receptor

A

change in sensitivity (i.e. nerve impulse transmission) in the presence of a constant stimulus

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6
Q

Tonic Receptors

Receptor

A

sustained response with little or no adaptation (nocioceptors - pain and proprioceptors - stretch)
- Typically it is a 3 neuron path

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7
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons in the PNS (in the CNS they are called tracts)

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8
Q

Mixed Nerves

A

contains axons of motor and sensory neurons

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9
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pair
  • Innervate the head and neck primarily (but vagus does viscera)
  • Numbered with roman numeral anterior to posterior & named
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10
Q

CN 1-12 Title mantra

A
  • I (1): Olfactory - Oh
  • II (2): Optic -Once
  • III (3): Oculomotor - One
  • IV (4): Trochlear - Takes
  • V (5): Trigeminal - The
  • VI (6): Abducens - Anatatomy
  • VII (7): Facial - Final
  • VIII (8): Vestibulocochlear - Very
  • IX (9): Glossopharygeal - Good
  • X (10): Vagus - Vacations
  • XI (11): Accessory - Are
  • XII (12): Hypoglossal - Heavenly
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11
Q

CN 1-12 Function Montra

A
  • I (1): Sensory - Some
  • II (2): Sensory - Say
  • III (3): Motor - Marry
  • IV (4): Motor- Money
  • V (5): Both - But
  • VI (6): Motor - My
  • VII (7): Both - Brother
  • VIII (8): Sensory - Says
  • IX (9): Both - Big
  • X (10): Both - Brains
  • XI (11): Motor - Matter
  • XII (12): Motor - More
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12
Q

CN I (1)

A
  • Title: Oflactory
  • Sensory
  • Smell
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13
Q

CN II (2)

A
  • Title: Optic
  • Sensory
  • vision
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14
Q

CN III (3)

A
  • Title: Oculomotor
  • Motor
  • move eyeball, constrict pupil, adjust lens
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15
Q

CN IV (4)

A
  • Title: Trochlear
  • Motor
  • move eyeball
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16
Q

CN 5 (V)

A
  • Title: Trigeminal
    Both:
  • Sensory: skin/muscles around the eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, tongue (not taste)
  • Motor: chewing muscles
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17
Q

CN 6 (VI)

A
  • Title: Abducens
  • Motor
  • moves the eyeball
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18
Q

CN VII (7)

A
  • Title: Facial
    Both:
  • motor: facial expression & glands (tear, saliva) - - sensory: proprioception & taste
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19
Q

CN VIII (8)

A
  • Title: Vestibulocochlear
  • Sensory
  • hearing and balance
20
Q

CN IX (9)

A
  • Title: Glossopharyngeal
    Both:
  • sensory: taste and tongue sensation
  • motor: swallowing, speech, salivating
21
Q

CN X (10)

A
  • Title: Vagus
    Both:
  • sensory: sensations of the thorax and abdominal organs, pharynx, epiglottis
  • motor: swallowing, coughing, speech, contraction of GI tract & slowing the heart rate
22
Q

CN XI (11)

A
  • Title: Accessory
  • motor
  • swallowing, moving the head and shoulders
23
Q

CN XII (12)

A
  • Title: Hypoglossal
  • motor
  • speech, swallowing
24
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs =
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccyx

25
Q

Dorsal roots

Spinal nerves

A

contain sensory fibers that arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia

26
Q

Ventral roots

Spinal Nerves

A

Motor fibers from ventral horn motor neurons

27
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

splits to form dorsal ramus and ventral ramus, and a small meningeal branch that reenters vertebral canal

28
Q

Rami communicantes

A

joined to the base of the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves; contain autonomic nerve fibers

29
Q

Dorsal Rami

A
  • Supply the dorsal body trunk
  • Each ramus innervates a narrow strip of the skeletal muscles and skin in line with point of emergence from the spinal cord
30
Q

Ventral Rami

A
  • Thoracic primarily supply the skin and skeletal muscles of the anterolateral thorax and abdomen
  • In Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral
    – ventral rami join after leaving the vertebral column to form a plexus
    – in these plexus fibers cross and are redistributed
31
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • Formed from (C1-C4)
  • Innervates the skin and muscles of the neck, head and superior shoulders and chest
  • Phrenic nerve = innervates diaphragm (used to breath)
32
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • Formed by C5-C8, T1
  • innervates the skin and muscles of the shoulders, superior thorax, and upper limbs
33
Q

What does brachial plexus innervate?

A
  • Innervates Deltoid muscle and shoulder skin
  • Innervates Biceps, Brachialis and skin of anterior lateral forearm
  • Innervates forearm flexors and skin of anterior hand
  • Innervates triceps muscle and forearm extensors and skin of posterior hand
  • Innervates hand flexors and medial hand
34
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  • Formed from L1-L4
  • Innervates the skin and muscles of the anterolateral abdomen, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs
  • Femoral innervates thigh flexors and leg extensors
35
Q

Sacral plexus

A
  • Formed by L4-L5, S1-S4
  • Innervates the skin and muscles of the buttock and lower limbs
  • Sciatic Nerve forms the Tibial and Fibular branches to innervate thigh, leg, and foot
36
Q

Motor Endings

A

Integration for these activities is in the spinal cord, cortex, basal nuclei and cerebellum

37
Q

Innervating Skeletal Muscle

Motor Endings

A

Somatic motor neurons release Ach, this directly opens ion channels and muscle contracts

38
Q

Innervating Smooth Muscle and Glands

Motor Endings

A

Autonomic motor neurons release either ACh or NE at varicosities –> indirectly causes ion channels to open and muscles to contract, glands to secrete

39
Q

Reflex Activity

A
  • rapid, predictable, involuntary, unlearned motor responses to stimuli
  • protects body from harm
  • important clinically
  • reflexes coordinated in the brain (usually
    brain stem) OR in the spinal cord
  • some you are aware of (somatic reflexes) because they involve skeletal muscle contraction – EX: like jerking your hand from a hot stove
    OR
  • you may not be aware of (autonomic reflexes) - like dilation of pupils
40
Q

Abnormal reflexes

A

indicate that the
nervous system is damaged

41
Q

Patellar reflex

A

tap knee with hammar –> leg will extend

42
Q

For skeletal muscles to perform normally:

A
  • The Golgi tendon organs (proprioceptors) must constantly inform the brain as to the state of the muscle (gives info on tension)
  • Stretch reflexes initiated by muscle spindles must maintain healthy muscle tone (gives info on length)
43
Q

Muscle spindle

A
  • Lack myofilaments
  • Not contractile but receptive
44
Q

Muscle Spindle Refex

A
  1. add load to muscle
  2. muscle and muscle spindle strech as arm drops
  3. reflex contraction inated by muscle spindle restores arm position
45
Q

Golgli tendon relfex

A
  • Keeps muscle from ripping off of bone
    1. neuron from golgi tendon organ flies
    2. MN inhibited
    3. muscle relaxes
    4. load released
46
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

The crossed extensor reflex has two parts:
- The stimulated side is withdrawn –> Noxious stimulus: flexor reflex
- The contralateral side is extended –> Reciprocal activation: extensor muscles activated
Examples:
- Stepping on a piece of glass
- Being grabbed by someone

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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