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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.15 > Flashcards

Ch.15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is general sense and not a special sense?

A

Touch

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1
Q

Special Senses

A
  1. Smell
  2. Taste
  3. Sight
  4. Hearing
  5. Equilibrium
    - Each have specialized receptors that send sensory information to the brain
    * Receptors are highly localized for their function
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2
Q

Smell-Olfactory Receptors

A
  • Receptors located in epithelium covering cribriform plate and superior nasal concha
  • 10-100 million Bipolar neurons
  • Receptors on hairs
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3
Q

Basal Cell

A
  • Stem cell
  • to make more olfactory Neurons (30-60 dys)
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4
Q

Supporting cells

A
  • Insulate the olfactory cells
  • Have cilia to move mucus
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5
Q

Physiology of Smell

A

Ordorant binds receptor
→ Axons of olfactory neurons send axons through cribiform plate → synapse in olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → olfactory cortex (and limbic system)

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

within a sec of stimulation intensity drop 50%, in a min receptors are insensitive ex living with a smoker

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7
Q

Taste

A

Function:
- Triggers reflexes that prepare the GI tract for activity
- Induce vomit if food is bad

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8
Q

Taste Anatomy

A
  • Receptor = Taste buds
  • Located on tongue and oral cavity
  • Tongue has 3 type of raised projections (papillae)
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9
Q

Taste Physiology

A

Tastant binds receptor → gustatory cells transmit signal to neurons (of cranial nerve VII, IX, X) → medulla → thalamus → gustatory cortex (and limbic system)

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10
Q

5 primary taste sensations:

A
  1. sweet: carbs
  2. sour: acids
  3. salt: inorganic salts
  4. bitter: organic/inorganic salts
  5. unami: amino acids - glutamate
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11
Q

Eyelids

Vision Anatomy

A
  • Protection
  • Shade eyes for sleep
  • Spread lubricant
  • Anchor orbicularis oculi
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12
Q

Eyelash

Vision Anatomy

A

Trigger blink reflex

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13
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

Vision Anatomy

A

Produces tears = mixture of mucus, antibodies, lysozyme

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14
Q

Conjunctiva

Vision Anatomy

A
  • Thin mucous membrane lines inner side of lids and whites of the eyeball
  • For protection
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15
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

Vision Anatomy

A
  • originate from bony orbit and insert on eyeball
  • Superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus: Enable eye to follow moving objects, maintain shape of eyeball, and hold it in orbit
    – names indicate movements
  • Superior and inferior oblique muscles: move eye in vertical plane and rotate eyeball
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16
Q

Lateral rectus

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

A
  • moves eye laterally
  • VI (abducens)
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17
Q

Medial rectus

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

A
  • moves eye medially
  • III oculomotor
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18
Q

superior rectus

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

A
  • elevates eye and turns it medially
  • III (oculomotor)
19
Q

inferior rectus

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

A
  • depresses eye and turn it medially
  • III (oculomotor)
20
Q

inferior oblique

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

A
  • elevates eye and turns it laterally
  • III (oculomotor)
21
Q

superior oblique

Extrinsic Eye Muscle

A
  • dperesses eye and turns it laterally
  • IV (trochlear)
22
Q

Vision – Eye Ball

A
  • Hollow sphere filled with fluids (humors)
  • Has anterior and posterior poles
  • Walls have 3 layers (tunicas)
  • Lens divides sphere into anterior and posterior cavities
23
Q

Sclera Venous Sinus

Eye ball

A
  • Drains aqueous humor –> Returns it to blood
  • Glaucoma when plugged
24
Q

Aqueous humor

Eye Ball

A
  • made by ciliary body (by filtering blood, similar to plasma)
  • Flows through chambers to nourish tissue
25
Q

Vitreous Humor

Eye Ball

A
  • Helps hold eye ball shape
  • Keeps tunicas pressed together
  • Maintains internal pressure (to counterbalance to extrinsic eye muscles)
26
Q

Lens

Eye Ball

A
  • Focuses light on the rods and cones
  • Biconvex disk
  • Transparent, flexible, avascular
  • Contains crystallin (protein that keeps it transparent)
  • Encapsulated by a thin layer of elastic connective tissue
  • Ciliary muscles adjust shape for focus
  • Cataracts (clouding of lens)
27
Q

Outer Fibrous Tunica

Eye Ball

A

Avascular connective tissue

28
Q

What are the two regions of Outer Fibrous Tunica?

A
  1. Sclera: white, opaque
    - Maintains shape of eyeball
    - Anchors the extrinsic muscles
    - Continuous with dura mater
  2. Cornea: transparent
    - Covered internal and external with epithelium
    - Regenerates quickly
29
Q

Regions of Vascular Tunica (uvea)

A
  1. Choroid
    - Rich blood supply nurtures other tunicas
    - Highly pigmented (melanin)
  2. Ciliary Body
    - Contains ciliary muscles attached by fibers to lens
    - Contains ciliary process that makes aqueous humor
  3. Iris
    - Donut-shaped, hole is pupil
    - Contains melanin (brown pigment)
    - Made of smooth muscle to adjust size of pupil
30
Q

Regions of Sensory Tunica (retina)

A
  1. Pigmented layer
    - One cell layer
    - Pigment absorbs light
    - Stores vitamin A
    – (Deficiency cause nightblindness)
  2. Neural Layer
    - Rods and Cones
    - photosensitive
31
Q

Pathway of light through eye

A

Light goes through air
↓
Cornea
↓
aqueous humor
↓
lens
↓
vitreous humor
↓
photoreceptors in retina

32
Q

Macula lutea

A

contains the fovea centralis

33
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Only cones, area of sharpest focus

34
Q

optic disk

A

lacks photoreceptors

35
Q

Auricle

External Ear

A
  • Funnel shape
  • Elastic connective tissue inside
  • Directs sound vibrations into ear
36
Q

External auditory canal

A
  • Formed by the auditory meatus in the temporal bone
  • Lined with skin that contains ceruminous glands
37
Q

ear drum (tympanic membrane)

External Ear

A
  • Divides outer and middle ear
  • Made of thin connective tissue membrane
  • It transfers sound waves to middle ear
38
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Air filled cavity
  • Lined with a mucous membrane
  • Located in petrous region of temporal bone
  • Auditory tube: extends from floor opens into nasal pharynx
    – Allows equalization of pressures
  • 3 ossicles are suspended from ceiling - Attached to each other by synovial joints
  • They transmit vibrations from ear drum to oval window (inner ear)
39
Q

3 Regions of the Inner Ear

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Semicircular canals
  3. Cochlea
40
Q

Vestibule

Inner Ear

A
  • Egg shaped cavity
  • Filled with perilymph (like the CSF) 2 sacs inside
  • Both sacs contain equilibrium receptors
41
Q

Utricle

Inner Ear

A

Continuous w/ semicircular canals

42
Q

Saccule

Inner Ear

A

Continuous w/cochlea

43
Q

Semicircular Canals

Inner Ear

A
  • Project posterior from the vestibule
  • Orientated in the 3 planes of space
  • Ampulla = swelling at base
  • Each ampulla has an equilibrium receptor
44
Q

Cochlea

Inner Ear

A

Spiral chamber that extends anterior

45
Q

Cochlear duct

A
  • in the cochlea
  • Membranous sac
  • Has a blind end
  • Houses the Spiral Organ of Corti (hearing receptor)
46
Q

How does sound travel through the ear

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane
  2. Auditory ossicles vibrate
    - pressure is amplified
  3. Pressure waves created by the stapes pushing on th oval window move through fluid in the scala
    4a. Sounds with frequencies below hearing travel through the helicotrema and do not excite hair cells
    4b sounds in hearung range go through cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane and defecting hair cells

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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