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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.3 The Cell > Flashcards

Ch.3 The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cell type

A

form of cell fits its function

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2
Q

Cell

A

basic building block of living organisms
3 parts:
- nucleus
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm

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3
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains DNA that builds all proteins of cell
  • some multinucleate
    chromosome organization:
    tightly wound = inactive
    loose and uncoiled = active
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4
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • part of nucleus
  • membrane around nucleus
    -DNA can’t cross it
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5
Q

nucleolus

A
  • part of nucleus
  • site of rRNA synthesis
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6
Q

chromatin

A
  • unwound DNA in the nucleus
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7
Q

nuclear pore

A
  • part of the nucleus
  • opening in nuclear envelope
  • allows mRNA out of nucleus
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8
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • different types
  • internal scaffolding for cell
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9
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • semi solid substance
  • fills space between plasma membrane and nucleus
  • composed of organelles suspended in cytosol
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10
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • outer boundary of cell
  • lipid bilayer
  • regulates what enters or leaves the cell
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11
Q

ribosomes

A
  • composed of rRNA and proteins
  • site of mRNA translation
  • free ribosomes are in cytoplasm
  • fixed ribosomes stud outside of RER
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12
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • network of channels
  • site of protein synthesis
  • ribosomes attach to its outer surface
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13
Q

transport vesicle

A
  • membrane-bound vesicle
  • transports substances throughout the cell
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14
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • forms stack of plates
  • proteins packaged for secretion
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15
Q

centriole

A
  • paired organelle
  • organizes spindle fibers during mitosis
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16
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • forms tube-like structure
  • site of lipid synthesis
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17
Q

lysosome

A
  • membrane-bound vesicle
  • contains digestive enzymes
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18
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • bean-shaped
  • site of ATP synthesis
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19
Q

7 characteristics of Plasma membrane

A
  1. physcally separates: interior of cell from external environment
  2. receives info about changes in environment
  3. regulates: transport + communications with other cells
  4. forms compartments to allow separate functions
  5. participates in biochemical reactions
  6. selectively permeable
  7. controls volume and internal composition cell’s and molecules
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20
Q

Phospholipid

A
  • make up cell membrane
  • structure: glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and organic group
  • amphipathic: hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 hydrophobic tails
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21
Q

Cholestrol

plasma membrane

A
  • rigid ring lipid
  • randomly distributed throughout hydrophobic region
  • gives plasma membrane structural strength
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22
Q

Carbohydrate chains

plasma membrane

A
  • extend from outer surface
  • attached to protein or phospholipid
  • functions as a signal, coating or recpetor
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23
Q

Extracellular environment

plasma membrane

A

outside of the cell
-aqueous

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24
Q

Phosphate group head

Plasma membrane

A
  • part of phospholipid molecule
  • makes this portion of molecule polar and hydrophilic
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25
Q

Fatty acid tails

Plasma membrane

A
  • part of phospholipid molecule
  • tails consist of two fatty acid chains
  • makes this portion of molecule nonpolar and hydrophobic
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26
Q

Peripheral protein

plamsa membrane

A
  • does not extend across lipid bilayer
  • serves as anchor point for cytoskeleton
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27
Q

Transmembrane proteins

Plasma Membrane

A
  • extends all the way through the lipd bilayer
  • may serve as a transport protein or channel across the bilayer
28
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. anchoring: anchor cell to extracellular matrix
  2. transport materials: passive and active transport
  3. act as enzymes: to catalyze reactions in membrane
  4. receptors: bind with signal molecules to transmit info into the cell
  5. recognize cells: function as identification tags
  6. structurally link cells: cell adhesion proteins attach membranes of adjacent cells
29
Q

Cell junctions

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosome
  3. gap junctions
30
Q

tight junction

Cell junction

A

single layer of epithelial cells between two cells

31
Q

desmosome

Cell junction

A
  • strong adhesion between cells during mechanical stress
  • multiply layers of epithelial cells
32
Q

gap junction

Cell junction

A

connecting cytoplasm for fast transport

33
Q

types of passive transport

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
34
Q

types of active transport

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. vesicular
35
Q

diffusion

A
  • net flow of substance down its concentration gradient
  • high to low concentration
  • kinetic energy
  • NO metabolic energy
36
Q

simple diffusion

passive transport

A
  • molecules or ions move passively
  • down concentration gradient
37
Q

facilitated diffusion

passive transport

A
  • specific transport proteins move solutes
  • Ex: 1) glucose binds to GLUT1 2) GLUT1 changes chape and glucose is released into the cell 3) GLUT1 returns to original shape
  • down concentration gradient
38
Q

Osmosis

passive transport

A
  • type of diffusion
  • movement of H2O through selectively permeable membrane
  • from high to low H2O concentration
39
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal solute concentration

40
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • solute concentration outside cell is higher than inside
  • cell loses water to surroundings –> cell becomes dehydrated and shruken
41
Q

hypotonic solution

A
  • solute concentration outside is lower than inside
  • water enters cell –> cell causes cell to swell
42
Q

primary active transport

A
  • 2 ions move in opposite directions but from low to high concentration (against concentration gradient)
  • antiport
  • cell uses metabolic energy
  • Ex: sodium-potassium pump
43
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A
  • uses ATP to pump 3 sodium (Na2+) ions out and 2 potassium (K+) ions in
  • antiport
  • low to high concentration for Na2+ and K+
44
Q

secondary active transport

A
  • carrier protein cotransports (in same direction) 2 solutes
  • 1 solute down its concentration gradient –> high to low
  • 1 solute against its concentration gradient –> low to high
  • ATP-powered pump: maintains concentration gradient
45
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • materials exit cell
  • vesicular
46
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • materials enter cell
    3 types of endocytosis
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
47
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • large particles enter cell
    1) folds of plasma membrane surround particle to be ingested forming small vacuole around it
    2) Vacuole then pinches off inside cell
    3) lysosome fuse with vacuole
48
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • dissolved materials enter cell
49
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A
  1. Substances (like LDL) attach to specific receptors in coated pits on plasma membrane to enter cell
  2. uncoated vesicle fuses with endosome
  3. Receptor recycled to plasma membrane
  4. endosome fuses with lysosome and dissolves into free cholesterol
50
Q

Eukaryotic cell division

A
  1. Interphase
    - G1: 1st gap phase
    - S: Synthesis phase
    - G2: 2nd gap phase
  2. M phase: mitosis and cytokinesis
51
Q

G1 phase

1st phase of Interphase

A
  • cell grows larger
  • carries out cellular functions
52
Q

Synthesis (S) phase

2nd phase of Interphase

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • sister chromatids formed
  • organelles increase
53
Q

G2 phase

3rd phase of Interphase

A
  • cell grows larger
  • prepares to divide
54
Q

Interphase

A
  • DNA is diffused chromatin
  • no chromosomes are visible
  • cell replicates DNA and organelles to enter mitosis
55
Q

Mitosis

M phase

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
56
Q

Prophase

1st stage of Mitosis

A
  • chromatin condenses, DNA replication into 2 identical chromsomes called sister chromatids connected by a centromere
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle fibers appear
57
Q

Metaphase

2nd stage of mitosis

A
  • nuclear envelope is gone
  • centromere of each sister chromatid attaches to spindle fibers
  • sister chromatids line up along equator
58
Q

Anaphase

3rd stage of mitosis

A
  • sister chromatids seperate at centromere to produce individual chromosomes
  • chromosomes begin to migrate to the poles
59
Q

Telophase

4th stage of mitosis

A
  • chromsomes reach poles
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • nuclear envelope and nuclei begin to reform
60
Q

Cytokinesis

M Phase

A
  • two daughter cells are formed
  • each daughter cell enters interphase
61
Q

Genes

A

a specfic sequence of DNA which codes for one specific polypeptide
- 30,000 genes in each human cell

62
Q

Transcription

1st step of protein synthesis

A
  • RNA synthesis: genretes mRNA from one strand of DNA template
    1. initiation
    2. elongation
    3. termination
  • in nucleus
  • end product: mRNA
63
Q

Translation

2nd step of protein synthesis

A
  • Protein synthesis: process of reading an mRNA message from the gene to make a protein
  • end product: protein
  • in cytoplasm on ribosomes away from DNA
64
Q

Genetic code

A

Codons: 3 base squences along mRNA which code for specific amino acids

65
Q

Extracellular materials

A
  • Body fluids (plasma, CBS fluid)
  • cellular sectrions (gastric fluids, mucus)
  • extracellular matrix

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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