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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch.7- Motivation, Attitude, and Personality > Flashcards

Ch.7- Motivation, Attitude, and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation from inside oneself- we find something rewarding on its own

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2
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation from outside oneself- some other reward (money)

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3
Q

instincts

A

hardwired, fixed behavioral patterns, more complex than reflexes

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4
Q

motivation

A

drives our actions

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5
Q

drive reduction theory of motivation

A

our motivation depends on getting our bodies to homeostasis, and disturbing homeostasis produces drives that we want to reduce.

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6
Q

primary drives

A

physiological and innate drives (heat, food, sleep)

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7
Q

secondary drives

A

learned drives (non-essentials)

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8
Q

what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

physiological < safety < love/belonging < esteem < self-actualization

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9
Q

Maslow- physiological needs

A

breathing, food, sleep, water, sex, homeostasis, excretion

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10
Q

Maslow- safety needs

A

bodily security, employment, resources, family, health, property

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11
Q

Maslow- love/belonging needs

A

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

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12
Q

Maslow- esteem needs

A

self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect by and for others

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13
Q

Maslow- self-actualization needs

A

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

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14
Q

psychological arousal

A

how alert and engaged you are. people are motivated to engage in actions that optimize arousal (we don’t like to be bored, but also we don’t like to be overwhelmed)

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15
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

our performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal

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16
Q

incentive theory of motivation

A

humans respond rationally to external incentives

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17
Q

primary reinforcers

A

rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs

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18
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

rewards that are not innate and must be learned

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19
Q

expectancy-value theory

A

motivation will be highest if you expect to succeed and the goal is worth it

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20
Q

self-determination theory

A

you need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for intrinsic motivation

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21
Q

opponent-process theory

A

after an initial intense reaction, the opposite reaction is triggered and over time can dominate

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22
Q

what 3 components do attitudes have?

A

ABC- affective, behavioral, and cognitive.

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23
Q

affective component of attitude

A

the feelings we have toward someone or something

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24
Q

behavioral component of attitude

A

how we act concerning the thing in question

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25
Q

cognitive component of attitude

A

our underlying analytical perceptions of the object of the attitude

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26
Q

foot-in-the-door technique

A

first get someone to agree to a small request, which can induce compliance with a larger request

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27
Q

Thomas theorem

A

if people define situations as real, they have real consequences

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28
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

when the beliefs or knowledge we have doesn’t line up with our actions

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29
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

explains different ways that people can be persuaded

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30
Q

central route of processing

A

making a rational decision based on a thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the possible choices

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31
Q

peripheral route of processing

A

making decisions based on gut reactions, surface-level characteristics, and often in response to cues of credibility/desirability of the message

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32
Q

what two things do you need to use as part of the central route of processing?

A

motivation and capacity (you need the ability to do it and you also have to care)

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33
Q

capacity

A

intellectual, attentional, + time-related resources needed to use the central route of processing

34
Q

personality

A

part of our psychological constitution that is more stable than motivation and attitudes

35
Q

Erikson’s stages of development

A

each life stage comes with a conflict to resolve, and successfully resolving the conflicts = healthy development

36
Q

what are the main stages of Erikson’s stages of development?

A
  1. 0-1 yrs, trust vs. mistrust
  2. 1-3 yrs, autonomy vs. shame/doubt
    3.
37
Q

trust vs. mistrust stage of development

A

0-1 yrs, an infant discovers whether they can trust the world based on interaction with caregivers -> hope

38
Q

autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage of development

A

1-3 yrs, toddlers explore the world, and whether they feel supported or not = are they allowed to be themselves -> will

39
Q

initiative vs. guilt stage of development

A

3-6 yrs, kids engage in self-directed activities with purpose = are they allowed to take initiative -> purpose

40
Q

industry vs. inferiority stage of development

A

6-12 yrs, learning to do things, diligence, discipline, immediate gratification deferment = can they make it in the world -> competence

41
Q

identity vs. role confusion stage of development

A

12-20 yrs, figure out who you are/sense of self = who am I, what’s my potential -> fidelity

42
Q

intimacy vs. isolation stage of development

A

20-40 yrs, committing to other people and forming deep relationships, can I commit to others and things -> love

43
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

40-65 yrs, whether you can make your life count for something, contributing to society, can I live and work in a way that matters -> care

44
Q

integrity vs. despair

A

65-death, you look back on your life and take stock of it, is it ok to have been me, did I live a good life -> wisdom

45
Q

what are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

preconventional: obedience, then self interest
conventional: conformity, then law and order
post-conventional: social contract, then universal human ethics

46
Q

preconventional moral development

A

childhood, obedience then self interest

47
Q

conventional moral development

A

adolescence, conformity then law & order

48
Q

postconventional moral development

A

adulthood, social contact then universal human ethics

49
Q

Freud’s components of the psyche

A

id, ego, and superego

50
Q

id

A

part of the psyche that consists of many animalian instincts

51
Q

pleasure principle

A

the reason for immediate gratification whenever possible

52
Q

wish-fulfillment

A

mental escapes into id-driven fantasies

53
Q

ego

A

part of the psyche that interacts with the world

54
Q

reality principle

A

navigates between the conflict of the impulses of the id and what is actually possible in the real world

55
Q

superego

A

part of the psyche that is our ideal version of ourselves

56
Q

ego-ideal

A

the ideal version of ourselves

57
Q

what two parts of the psyche are the basis of life?

A

the id and superego- we have to cope with it somehow.

58
Q

regression

A

returning to an earlier developmental stage to cope

59
Q

reaction formation

A

unconscious transmutation of unacceptable desires into their opposites to cope

60
Q

displacement

A

a desire has an unacceptable target and the target is transferred to a more acceptable target to cope

61
Q

sublimation

A

redirection of desires that are unacceptable into another behavior to cope

62
Q

projection

A

placing one’s own uncomfortable feelings onto other people to cope

63
Q

rationalization

A

coming up with excuses for feelings

64
Q

suppression

A

consciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings

65
Q

repression

A

unconsciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings

66
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital

67
Q

oral psychosexual stage

A

0-1 yrs, libido centered in mouth

68
Q

anal psychosexual stage

A

1-3 yrs, libido centered in anus

69
Q

phallic psychosexual stage

A

3-5 yrs, libido centered in genitals

70
Q

latent psychosexual stage

A

5 yrs - puberty, libido sublimated, relatively stable

71
Q

genital psychosexual stage

A

puberty-adulthood, normal sexual relationships if previous stages have been resolved

72
Q

Oedipus conflict/Electra complex

A

in the phallic stage, boys want to metaphorically possess their mothers, and girls want to metaphorically possess their fathers

73
Q

Carl Jung’s collective unconscious

A

people have universal patterns of thought and behavior: archetypes including the persona, shadow, anima/animus

74
Q

behaviorism

A

includes observation about overt behaviors, not concerned with internal states

75
Q

humanistic psychology

A

empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-actualization, are important

76
Q

trait theories of personality

A

attempt to categorize personalities into a taxonomy of traits (Big 5, PEN)

77
Q

Big Five personality traits

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

78
Q

PEN model traits

A

psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion, neuroticism

79
Q

type theories of personality

A

categorize personality by discrete types, generally not considered to be very reliable (astrology, MBTI)

80
Q

social cognitive perspective (Bandura)

A

reciprocal determinism- our relationships shape our behavior and our behavior shapes our relationships.

81
Q

biological perspective of personality

A

focuses on genetic factors of personality

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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