Ch.7- Motivation, Attitude, and Personality Flashcards
intrinsic motivation
motivation from inside oneself- we find something rewarding on its own
extrinsic motivation
motivation from outside oneself- some other reward (money)
instincts
hardwired, fixed behavioral patterns, more complex than reflexes
motivation
drives our actions
drive reduction theory of motivation
our motivation depends on getting our bodies to homeostasis, and disturbing homeostasis produces drives that we want to reduce.
primary drives
physiological and innate drives (heat, food, sleep)
secondary drives
learned drives (non-essentials)
what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
physiological < safety < love/belonging < esteem < self-actualization
Maslow- physiological needs
breathing, food, sleep, water, sex, homeostasis, excretion
Maslow- safety needs
bodily security, employment, resources, family, health, property
Maslow- love/belonging needs
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Maslow- esteem needs
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect by and for others
Maslow- self-actualization needs
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
psychological arousal
how alert and engaged you are. people are motivated to engage in actions that optimize arousal (we don’t like to be bored, but also we don’t like to be overwhelmed)
Yerkes-Dodson law
our performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal
incentive theory of motivation
humans respond rationally to external incentives
primary reinforcers
rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs
secondary reinforcers
rewards that are not innate and must be learned
expectancy-value theory
motivation will be highest if you expect to succeed and the goal is worth it
self-determination theory
you need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for intrinsic motivation
opponent-process theory
after an initial intense reaction, the opposite reaction is triggered and over time can dominate
what 3 components do attitudes have?
ABC- affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
affective component of attitude
the feelings we have toward someone or something
behavioral component of attitude
how we act concerning the thing in question
cognitive component of attitude
our underlying analytical perceptions of the object of the attitude
foot-in-the-door technique
first get someone to agree to a small request, which can induce compliance with a larger request
Thomas theorem
if people define situations as real, they have real consequences
cognitive dissonance
when the beliefs or knowledge we have doesn’t line up with our actions
elaboration likelihood model
explains different ways that people can be persuaded
central route of processing
making a rational decision based on a thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the possible choices
peripheral route of processing
making decisions based on gut reactions, surface-level characteristics, and often in response to cues of credibility/desirability of the message
what two things do you need to use as part of the central route of processing?
motivation and capacity (you need the ability to do it and you also have to care)
capacity
intellectual, attentional, + time-related resources needed to use the central route of processing
personality
part of our psychological constitution that is more stable than motivation and attitudes
Erikson’s stages of development
each life stage comes with a conflict to resolve, and successfully resolving the conflicts = healthy development
what are the main stages of Erikson’s stages of development?
- 0-1 yrs, trust vs. mistrust
- 1-3 yrs, autonomy vs. shame/doubt
3.
trust vs. mistrust stage of development
0-1 yrs, an infant discovers whether they can trust the world based on interaction with caregivers -> hope
autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage of development
1-3 yrs, toddlers explore the world, and whether they feel supported or not = are they allowed to be themselves -> will
initiative vs. guilt stage of development
3-6 yrs, kids engage in self-directed activities with purpose = are they allowed to take initiative -> purpose
industry vs. inferiority stage of development
6-12 yrs, learning to do things, diligence, discipline, immediate gratification deferment = can they make it in the world -> competence
identity vs. role confusion stage of development
12-20 yrs, figure out who you are/sense of self = who am I, what’s my potential -> fidelity
intimacy vs. isolation stage of development
20-40 yrs, committing to other people and forming deep relationships, can I commit to others and things -> love
generativity vs. stagnation
40-65 yrs, whether you can make your life count for something, contributing to society, can I live and work in a way that matters -> care
integrity vs. despair
65-death, you look back on your life and take stock of it, is it ok to have been me, did I live a good life -> wisdom
what are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
preconventional: obedience, then self interest
conventional: conformity, then law and order
post-conventional: social contract, then universal human ethics
preconventional moral development
childhood, obedience then self interest
conventional moral development
adolescence, conformity then law & order
postconventional moral development
adulthood, social contact then universal human ethics
Freud’s components of the psyche
id, ego, and superego
id
part of the psyche that consists of many animalian instincts
pleasure principle
the reason for immediate gratification whenever possible
wish-fulfillment
mental escapes into id-driven fantasies
ego
part of the psyche that interacts with the world
reality principle
navigates between the conflict of the impulses of the id and what is actually possible in the real world
superego
part of the psyche that is our ideal version of ourselves
ego-ideal
the ideal version of ourselves
what two parts of the psyche are the basis of life?
the id and superego- we have to cope with it somehow.
regression
returning to an earlier developmental stage to cope
reaction formation
unconscious transmutation of unacceptable desires into their opposites to cope
displacement
a desire has an unacceptable target and the target is transferred to a more acceptable target to cope
sublimation
redirection of desires that are unacceptable into another behavior to cope
projection
placing one’s own uncomfortable feelings onto other people to cope
rationalization
coming up with excuses for feelings
suppression
consciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings
repression
unconsciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings
Freud’s psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
oral psychosexual stage
0-1 yrs, libido centered in mouth
anal psychosexual stage
1-3 yrs, libido centered in anus
phallic psychosexual stage
3-5 yrs, libido centered in genitals
latent psychosexual stage
5 yrs - puberty, libido sublimated, relatively stable
genital psychosexual stage
puberty-adulthood, normal sexual relationships if previous stages have been resolved
Oedipus conflict/Electra complex
in the phallic stage, boys want to metaphorically possess their mothers, and girls want to metaphorically possess their fathers
Carl Jung’s collective unconscious
people have universal patterns of thought and behavior: archetypes including the persona, shadow, anima/animus
behaviorism
includes observation about overt behaviors, not concerned with internal states
humanistic psychology
empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-actualization, are important
trait theories of personality
attempt to categorize personalities into a taxonomy of traits (Big 5, PEN)
Big Five personality traits
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
PEN model traits
psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion, neuroticism
type theories of personality
categorize personality by discrete types, generally not considered to be very reliable (astrology, MBTI)
social cognitive perspective (Bandura)
reciprocal determinism- our relationships shape our behavior and our behavior shapes our relationships.
biological perspective of personality
focuses on genetic factors of personality
