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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 11- Social Structures > Flashcards

Ch. 11- Social Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

status

A

any social category used to identify people

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2
Q

achieved status

A

a status that you have to work to get (ie. physician)

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3
Q

ascribed status

A

a status that you get voluntold into (ie. race, ethnicity, sex)

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4
Q

master status

A

overshadows other statuses you might have, your “main” status

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5
Q

roles

A

expectations that come with a certain status

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6
Q

role strain

A

competing demands within a role

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7
Q

role conflict

A

competing demands between roles

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8
Q

role exit

A

process of disengaging from a role

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9
Q

role engulfment

A

role dominates someone’s life

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10
Q

primary groups

A

long-lasting interactions with deep bonds

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11
Q

secondary groups

A

short-lasting interactions and superficial bonds

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12
Q

peer groups

A

self-selected and usually consist of people who are largely similar

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13
Q

family groups

A

genetic or non-genetic relationships such as partners, marriage, or adoption

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14
Q

in-groups

A

categories that someone feels like they are a part of

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15
Q

out-groups

A

groups someone does not feel like they belong in

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16
Q

reference groups

A

the groups we compare ourselves to

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17
Q

social networks

A

all connections and relationships someone had, regardless of their type

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18
Q

formal organizations

A

contain defined rules for entering and exiting, usually have hierarchies, and will continue to exist even without the members.

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19
Q

3 options that organizations can be:

A
  1. coercive
  2. normative
  3. utilitarian
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20
Q

coercive organization

A

you have no choice but to be part of it- ie. prison, military/mandatory draft

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21
Q

bureaucracies

A

a rational, well-organized, impersonal, and usually large administrative systems. This is a subtype of organizations

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22
Q

normative organization

A

shared ideals/goals- ie. volunteer organizations

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23
Q

utilitarian organization

A

people join to get rewards/money- ie. employees in a company

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24
Q

Max Weber’s ideal bureaucracy has: (5, HWORM mnemonic)

A
  1. hierarchical structure
  2. well-defined roles
  3. organization by specialty
  4. responsibilities and chain of command
  5. merit-based recruiting, employment, and promotion.
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25
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

decision-making that starts out as democratic w/ everybody will be taken over by a few people

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26
Q

McDonaldization

A

organizational approach that focuses on efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control.

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27
Q

microsociology

A

smaller-scale interactions (ie. how individuals navigate society)

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28
Q

macrosociology

A

larger-scale interactions (ie. interactions of major social institutions)

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29
Q

functionalism (Emile Durkheim)

A

components of society all perform some function and work together as a whole

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30
Q

manifest functions

A

intended functions

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31
Q

latent functions

A

functions that weren’t intended and/or don’t show up until later

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32
Q

dysfunctions

A

harmful functions

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33
Q

conflict theory (Marx)

A

social groups will compete for resources, the focus is on power differences and social inequality. doesn’t have anything to do with actual fighting or conflict.

34
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

interactions using shared symbols (which are things we’ve collectively ascribed meaning to, like a smile or a wave)

35
Q

rational choice theory

A

people have goals and choose actions to get closer to those goals

36
Q

social exchange theory

A

social interactions are exchanges with costs and benefits

37
Q

feminist theory

A

understanding and remedying gender injustices

38
Q

hidden curriculum

A

habits, values, and norms imparted without being an explicit part of the curriculum

39
Q

segregation

A

separation and unequal distribution of people by race, ethnicity, or other demographic factors

40
Q

stratification

A

division of society into layers of socioeconomic status

41
Q

symbol

A

something you assign meaning to within a culture (ie. smile, wave, frown, handshake, etc.)

42
Q

social constructionism

A

the meaning of a social structure or concept comes from how we think about those concepts and communicate with each other about them (ie. holidays)

43
Q

kinship of descent

A

kinship based on shared ancestry

44
Q

kinship of affinity

A

kinship based on non-shared ancestry, like marriage and adoption

45
Q

primary kin

A

people who you’re related to through very close bonds (parents, children, siblings, spouses)

46
Q

secondary kin

A

primary kin of your primary kin (sibling’s spouse)

47
Q

tertiary kin

A

secondary kin of your primary kin, or primary kin of your secondary kin (sibling’s in-law or child’s spouse’s siblings, etc.)

48
Q

religiosity

A

measure of how religious a person considers themselves to be

49
Q

religious organizations include (4):

A

churches, denominations, sects, and cults

50
Q

sects

A

smaller, dissident split-off groups from churches that advocate for a different form of the religion. reverse churches.

51
Q

denominations

A

subtypes of churches, stable and consensus-promoting, slightly different interpretations of the same set of religious beliefs and different traditions

52
Q

cults

A

small, tightly-controlled groups with unorthodox beliefs that usually involve a charismatic leader and some degree of isolation of cult members from the rest of society

53
Q

modernization

A

cumulative impact of the technological advances that have been made in the last century-ish.

54
Q

secularization

A

modernization is decreasing people’s religiosity, less belief in religion and its institutions

55
Q

fundamentalism

A

literalist, uncompromising, extreme approach to religion, emphasizing the superiority of fundamentalism over other faith communities

56
Q

3 types of government systems

A

monarchy, authoritarianism, and democracy

57
Q

3 types of economies

A

capitalism, socialism, and communism

58
Q

medicalization

A

social construction of illnesses (ie. viewing addiction as a disease vs. viewing it as a moral failure)

59
Q

monarchy

A

one ruler passed down by direct succession

60
Q

constitutional monarchy

A

the monarchy’s power is restricted by a constitution, so the monarch usually coexists with an elected government

61
Q

absolute monarchy

A

the monarch is the sole person in charge

62
Q

authoritarianism

A

citizens have no input into the government and have to obey whatever it decides. (ie. there are elections but not any real options)

63
Q

totalitarianism

A

authoritarianism, but worse. government regulates everything and if you disagree, they’ll kill you. ie. Nazi Germany and Stalinist Soviet Union.

64
Q

democracy

A

people vote other people into power

65
Q

direct democracy

A

people vote for laws themselves

66
Q

democratic republic

A

people vote other people to represent them to make laws

67
Q

capitalism

A

private ownership of property and companies that make goods and provide services

68
Q

socialism

A

social ownership and worker self-management, can be collectively owned or owned by the government

69
Q

communism

A

utopian society in which there are no classes, states, or hierarchies. has not been achieved yet and everyone who’s tried has gone off the rails.

70
Q

libertarianism

A

a movement that tries to minimize the role of the government

71
Q

division of labor

A

allows everyone to do something well and combine together to produce things

72
Q

sick role

A

the rights and responsibilities granted to a sick individual

73
Q

paternalism

A

physicians not letting patients make their own decisions or deliberately underinforming them

74
Q

medical ethics (4 main principles)

A

beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for patient autonomy, and justice

75
Q

beneficence

A

acting for the patient’s benefit

76
Q

nonmaleficence

A

do no harm (harm of treatment is outweighed by benefits of treatment)

77
Q

respect for patient autonomy

A

patients have the right to make their own decisions even when it contradicts medical advice

78
Q

justice

A

doctors are obligated to provide care to patients equally and fairly, equitably allocating healthcare resources

79
Q

illness experience

A

the illness as a social construct from the afflicted individual’s perspective

80
Q

epidemiology

A

studying patterns of illness in populations

81
Q

social epidemiology

A

studying how social factors contribute to illness and health

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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