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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 5- Cognition and Language > Flashcards

Ch. 5- Cognition and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

information processing model

A

brain = computer, takes input to create output.

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2
Q

what psychologist is cognitive development associated with?

A

Jean Piaget

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3
Q

what are Piaget’s four cognitive developmental stages?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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4
Q

behaviorism approach to cognition

A

focusing on measurable external outcomes with no attempt to directly determine internal states

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5
Q

what are some characteristics of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A

learning language, no object permanence, circular reactions, stranger anxiety

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6
Q

what age range is included in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A

birth - 2 yrs

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7
Q

what are some characteristics of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A

symbolic thought, egocentricism, centration, lack of conservation

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8
Q

what age range is included in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A

2-7 yrs

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9
Q

what are some characteristics of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A

understanding of conservation, logical reasoning

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10
Q

what age range is included in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A

7-11 yrs

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11
Q

what are some characteristics of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A

abstract logic, handle hypotheticals, abstract reasoning

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12
Q

what age range is included in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A

11- adulthood

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13
Q

schema

A

cognitive framework that organizes information about things that one perceives in the outside world. as you acquire more information, you can assimilate or accommodate your schema.

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14
Q

assimmilating a schema

A

preserving the old schema

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15
Q

accommodating a schema

A

expanding the schema to include a new piece of information

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16
Q

fluid vs. crystallized intelligence

A

fluid = problem-solving skills that can be applied to new situations
crystallized = using built-up knowledge and skills to solve problems

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17
Q

does cognitive performance improve or decline with age?

A

declines. severe cognitive decline = dementia

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18
Q

what causes dementia?

A

often Alzheimer’s, but many other options

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18
Q

what causes Down’s syndrome?

A

trisomy 21

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19
Q

what causes fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

prenatal alcohol exposure

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20
Q

trial-and-error problem solving

A

trying different options to see what works. best if you have time to kill.

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21
Q

algorithm problem solving

A

applying a set of steps to the problem, no underlying concept of how the thing works

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22
Q

deductive reasoning problem solving

A

top-down: starting with a specific thing and finding things to support it. depends a lot on validity of general principles.

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23
Q

inductive reasoning problem solving

A

bottom-up: starting with successive observations about a thing help identify general principles. vulnerable to generalizations.

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24
Q

analogy problem solving

A

this problem is similar to another problem I’ve seen before… I bet I can solve it the same way.

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25
Q

intuition problem solving

A

a gut feeling of how to do this thing. very possibly you have an analogy you’re using that you’re not consciously aware of.

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26
Q

insight problem solving

A

suddenly getting a moment of inspiration randomly?

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27
Q

mental set

A

our framework for conceptualizing a problem and trying to solve it

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28
Q

fixation

A

getting stuck in our old way of thinking about things

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29
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to see objects as only having a certain function (usually, what they were designed for). ie. the candle experiment, where a box of thumbtacks can also be a candleholder if you tack it to something.

30
Q

belief perserverance

A

people’s tendency to maintain their belief even when there is contradictory evidence.

31
Q

overconfidence

A

being too sure of yourself. you think there’s not a problem in the first place, but when you do see a problem, you jump in with a fast and sometimes unhelpful solution.

32
Q

cognitive biases

A

systematic, generally subconscious patterns of thought that skew reasoning

33
Q

confirmation bias

A

you disregard evidence that doesn’t fit your beliefs, interpret ambiguous data in a way that is favorable to you, and selectively recall only evidence that supports your side.

34
Q

what are biases and heuristics used for?

A

to quickly make judgements, heuristics are used to problem-solve.

35
Q

hindsight bias

A

looking back, you think things were a lot more predictable than they actually were in the moment.

36
Q

causation bias

A

we infer cause-and-effect between two events in close proximity or that we already think are related, when in reality, it is not like that at all.

37
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

we make decisions based on what we think is the prototypical example of a category. happens when we need to decide how probable something is

38
Q

availability heuristic

A

we think that things that immediately come to mind first are the more likely options (med students thinking that any physical issues they experience is a rare disease)

39
Q

what was Spearman’s theory of intelligence?

A

everyone has a general intelligence factor (g factor) that’s the baseline intelligence. you also have specialized intelligence (s factor)

40
Q

is intelligence heritable?

A

to some degree. the g factor has a heritability range between 50-80% so it is possible.

41
Q

Galton’s idea of hereditary genius

A

basis for the eugenics movement- sterilization of people with low intelligence.

42
Q

who developed the theory of IQ?

A

Alfred Binet, because the French government told him to

43
Q

what does IQ measure?

A

a child’s “mental age” relative to their chronological age

44
Q

what type of distribution curve does IQ have?

A

normal bell curve.

45
Q

Flynn effect

A

IQ scores readily increasing in developed countries and peaking in 1990s.

46
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

8 subsets of intelligence: musical, visual/spatial, verbal/linguistic, logic/math, body/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

47
Q

who popularized the idea of emotional intelligence?

A

Daniel Goleman

48
Q

emotional intelligence

A

recognizing one’s own emotions, other’s emotions, and emotional self-regulation.

49
Q

what are the 6 levels of language from lowest to highest?

A

phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

50
Q

phonetics

A

direct sounds we produce. intonation and sounds that don’t themselves affect meaning

51
Q

phonology

A

sound structures affecting meaning, looking at the units of sound that affect the meaning of a word. ie. dip vs. deep.

52
Q

morphology

A

word formation and construction, ie. eat vs. ate

53
Q

syntax

A

phrases and sentences

54
Q

semantics

A

literal meaning, on the level of words or sentences

55
Q

pragmatics

A

real-world language use, nonliteral meaning

56
Q

how does sign language compare to other linguistic systems?

A

sign language shares all components of a spoken language, are full linguistic systems as well.

57
Q

learning theory of language

A

all language is learned behavior (environmental stimuli, conditioning)

58
Q

nativist theory of language

A

humans have an innate, hardwired capacity to learn language

59
Q

interactionist theory of language

A

emphasizes interactions with the environment, but there is an inborn capacity for language.

60
Q

who was the pioneer of the learning theory of language?

A

Skinner

61
Q

who was the pioneer of the nativist theory of language?

A

Noam Chomsky

62
Q

generative linguistics

A

how we form abstract ideas into correct sentence frameworks

63
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

aka. linguistic relativity- the language we speak shapes our cognition

64
Q

linguistic determinism

A

a strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; language dictates thought.

65
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

in the superior temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere of the brain (usually left)

66
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

aphasia in which the person can still generate nonsense speech, but cannot comprehend speech. also known as fluent aphasia or receptive aphasia.

67
Q

aphasia

A

blanket term for having an impaired ability to communicate

68
Q

Broca’s area

A

in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere of the brain (usually left)

69
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

aphasia in which the person can comprehend speech but has extreme difficulty producing speech in return. also known as non-fluent aphasia.

70
Q

how does information move between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area?

A

through the arculate fasciculus

71
Q

conduction aphasia

A

damage to the structure linking Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas (arculate fasciculus) which causes extreme difficulty for repeating words

72
Q

regions in the temporal lobe handle language-processing functions, including …?

A

the auditory cortices

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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