Ch. 5- Cognition and Language Flashcards
information processing model
brain = computer, takes input to create output.
what psychologist is cognitive development associated with?
Jean Piaget
what are Piaget’s four cognitive developmental stages?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
behaviorism approach to cognition
focusing on measurable external outcomes with no attempt to directly determine internal states
what are some characteristics of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
learning language, no object permanence, circular reactions, stranger anxiety
what age range is included in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
birth - 2 yrs
what are some characteristics of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
symbolic thought, egocentricism, centration, lack of conservation
what age range is included in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
2-7 yrs
what are some characteristics of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
understanding of conservation, logical reasoning
what age range is included in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
7-11 yrs
what are some characteristics of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
abstract logic, handle hypotheticals, abstract reasoning
what age range is included in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
11- adulthood
schema
cognitive framework that organizes information about things that one perceives in the outside world. as you acquire more information, you can assimilate or accommodate your schema.
assimmilating a schema
preserving the old schema
accommodating a schema
expanding the schema to include a new piece of information
fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
fluid = problem-solving skills that can be applied to new situations
crystallized = using built-up knowledge and skills to solve problems
does cognitive performance improve or decline with age?
declines. severe cognitive decline = dementia
what causes dementia?
often Alzheimer’s, but many other options
what causes Down’s syndrome?
trisomy 21
what causes fetal alcohol syndrome?
prenatal alcohol exposure
trial-and-error problem solving
trying different options to see what works. best if you have time to kill.
algorithm problem solving
applying a set of steps to the problem, no underlying concept of how the thing works
deductive reasoning problem solving
top-down: starting with a specific thing and finding things to support it. depends a lot on validity of general principles.
inductive reasoning problem solving
bottom-up: starting with successive observations about a thing help identify general principles. vulnerable to generalizations.
analogy problem solving
this problem is similar to another problem I’ve seen before… I bet I can solve it the same way.
intuition problem solving
a gut feeling of how to do this thing. very possibly you have an analogy you’re using that you’re not consciously aware of.
insight problem solving
suddenly getting a moment of inspiration randomly?
mental set
our framework for conceptualizing a problem and trying to solve it
fixation
getting stuck in our old way of thinking about things