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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 6- Memory, Learning, Emotion, Stress > Flashcards

Ch. 6- Memory, Learning, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

encoding

A

transformation of sensory input into a cognitive object (may be visual, auditory, or semantic)

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2
Q

priming

A

our response to stimuli AFTER we’ve experienced before is a little different

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3
Q

chunking

A

breaking up a complex stimulus into chunks to make it easier to encode

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4
Q

what are three major ways to encode information?

A

chunking, mnemonics, and method of loci

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5
Q

negative priming

A

when a prior stimulus inhibits our processing of a current stimulus (ie. Stroop task)

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6
Q

what are the three temporal categories of memory?

A

instantaneous, brief, and lifelong

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

instantaneous memory, where we sift through a lot of background noise info that we have taken in without rehearsal, and decide what’s important to remember.

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

minutes to years

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9
Q

short-term memory

A

ability to store information on the time scale of ~10sec to 30sec.

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10
Q

7+2 rule

A

you can generally store 5 to 9 things in short-term memory

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11
Q

working memory

A

cognitive and attentional processes that we use to analyze the info we have in short-term memory. includes the visuospatial sketchpad

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12
Q

explicit memory

A

(declarative memory), memory of specific pieces of information (semantic and episodic)

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13
Q

implicit memory

A

remembering how to do something (ie. riding a bike), includes procedural memory

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14
Q

flashbulb memory

A

phenomenon that we have very vivid memories of good and bad things both

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15
Q

eidetic memory

A

(photographic memory), ability to remember a stimulus in great detail after a relatively short exposure to it

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

how highly-detailed images can remain in our perception for a brief period of time (a couple seconds) AFTER the stimulus has changed to something else.

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17
Q

prospective memory

A

memories related to plans to do something in the future

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18
Q

spreading activation

A

when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads across adjacent nodes of a conceptual network

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19
Q

schemas

A

ways in which we organize our knowledge and perceptions about the world

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20
Q

source monitoring errors

A

we have a memory or piece of knowledge that is correct BUT we misattribute the source where we got it from

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21
Q

retrieval

A

grabbing memories from stored knowledge

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22
Q

recall

A

active process of fishing out info from your brain

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23
Q

recognition

A

passive process of fishing out info from your brain

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24
Q

semantic activation

A

primes us to retrieve concepts faster when they are near other concepts that we already have activated

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25
Q

primacy effect

A

you’re most likely to remember things at the beginning of a list

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26
Q

recency effect

A

you’re most likely to remember things at the end of a list

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27
Q

serial position effect

A

the extreme ends of a list are more likely to be remembered than the parts in the middle

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28
Q

spacing effect

A

we remember information better when we space out when we view it

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29
Q

dual-coding effect

A

studying in multiple ways (ie. visual and reading) is more effective than just one

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30
Q

are more emotional moments or less emotional moments more likely to become memories?

A

emotional moments are more likely

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31
Q

state-dependent memory

A

remembering something based on the association with a specific emotion felt at the time of learning

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32
Q

context-dependent memory

A

remembering something based on the context (physical setting)

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33
Q

misinformation effect

A

information we obtain after an event can affect how we remember the event

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34
Q

reproductive memory

A

we encode information and reproduce it as needed (not good model of memory)

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35
Q

reconstructive memory

A

we build our memories based on our perceptions, information we have, etc.

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36
Q

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

if you repeat learning things, you won’t forget them as easily

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37
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories

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38
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories or knowledge interfere with the older ones

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39
Q

amnesia

A

losing memory of entire experiences, periods of time, or large amounts of information

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40
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember previous events

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41
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

42
Q

what are two disorders that are related to amnesia?

A

Alzheimer’s and Korsakoff’s syndrome

43
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease-type memory loss?

A

long-term dementia, neurofibrillary tangles (tau proteins, beta-amyloid plaques), retrograde and anterograde amnesia

44
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome-type memory loss?

A

retrograde and anterograde amnesia, confabulation (making up stories they’re convinced are real)

45
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of the brain to rewire itself in response to learning new info or to compensate for disease or injuries

46
Q

associative learning

A

conditioning

47
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that normally causes a response (that you don’t have to change anything about it for it to work)

48
Q

unconditioned response

A

a normal response to a stimulus (you don’t have to change the stimulus to get it)

49
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that doesn’t produce a response

50
Q

acquisition

A

a successful process of forming a conditioned response to a stimulus

51
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that normally doesn’t produce a response, but it does now because you’ve made it become associated with some other thing that does produce a response.

52
Q

conditioned response

A

a response that normally is an unconditioned response, but is shown when a neutral stimulus has successfully become paired to an unconditioned stimulus/response

53
Q

extinction

A

if you stop linking the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, you’ll stop getting the conditioned response

54
Q

habituation

A

repeated stimuli = less response over time

55
Q

dishabituation

A

you become habituated to a stimulus, an intervening stimulus then makes you re-sensitized

56
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

under some circumstances, the conditioned response can re-emerge without requiring a whole new conditioning process but the response is less strong every time

57
Q

stimulus generalization

A

you generalize the stimulus to other similar stimuli

58
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

you exclude certain stimuli so you only react to one or a specific set of stimuli

59
Q

operant conditioning

A

incentivizing behavior to produce specific behavioral results

60
Q

reinforcement

A

a consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior

61
Q

punishment

A

a consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior

62
Q

what are positive vs. negative stimuli?

A

positive = add something, negative = remove something

63
Q

escape learning

A

behavior aimed to stop an ongoing aversive or unpleasant stimulus

64
Q

avoidance learning

A

behavior aimed to prevent an aversive or unpleasant stimulus from happening in the first place

65
Q

fixed ratio

A

every set number of hits = reward

66
Q

variable ratio

A

in an average range of hits = reward (CASINOS!)

67
Q

fixed interval

A

every set period of time = reward

68
Q

variable interval

A

in an average time range = reward

69
Q

which type of reinforcement schedule increase the behavior the most and are most resistant to extinction?

A

variable-ratio (CASINOS)

70
Q

shaping

A

rewarding progressive approximations of a target behavior

71
Q

capturing

A

waiting for the specific behavior to happen in order to reward

72
Q

latent learning

A

background learning that happens and information gathered even when no rewards are present

73
Q

extinction

A

response becomes less over time when it’s not being reinforced

74
Q

instinctive drift

A

reversion to instinctive behavior unless reinforcement continues

75
Q

what type of learning was exhibited in the Bobo doll experiment?

A

observational learning- kids who saw adults act aggressively to a doll would also act aggressively

76
Q

imitation

A

subtype of observational learning (monkey see, monkey do)

77
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that are activated when an organism performs an action but ALSO when the organism observes the action being done

78
Q

what are Ekman’s universal emotions?

A

happy, sad, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, contempt

79
Q

limbic system

A

group of midbrain structures involved in emotion, memory, and motivation

80
Q

what sub-organs are in the limbic system?

A

the hypothalamus and the amygdala

81
Q

hypothalamus

A

“bridge” between the nervous system and the endocrine system

82
Q

amygdala

A

emotional processing unit of the brain

83
Q

cognitive component of emotions

A

what is going on inside our heads when we feel something

84
Q

physiological component of emotions

A

how emotions manifest physically in the body

85
Q

behavioral component of emotions

A

how we behave when we feel a certain emotion

86
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

(basic) stimulus -> physiological response -> emotion

87
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

(+appraisal) stimulus -> physiological response -> appraise context -> emotion

88
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

(simultaneous) stimulus -> physiological AND cognitive response simultaneously -> emotion/behavior

89
Q

Lazarus theory

A

(labeling) stimulus -> labeling -> physiological response -> emotion

90
Q

independent stressors

A

stressors outside of our control

91
Q

dependent stressors

A

stressors impacted by our behaviors

92
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

you have to choose between two bad options

93
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

you have to deal with upsides and downsides of 1 option

94
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

you have to choose between two good options

95
Q

double approach-avoidance conflict

A

choosing between two options that each have upsides and downsides

96
Q

primary appraisal

A

is this a threat??

97
Q

secondary appraisal

A

can I deal with the threat??

98
Q

distress

A

negative stress

99
Q

eustress

A

positive stress

100
Q

neustress

A

neutral stress

101
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

3 stages of stress adaptation: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

102
Q

learned helplessness

A

if you’ve been exposed to too many unavoidable stressors, you start believing you can’t change your situations even if it’s not the case

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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