Ch. 8- Psychological Disorders

Question 1

biomedical approach to psychological disorders

Answer 1

psychological disorders are physically-based conditions

Question 2

biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders

Answer 2

psychological disorders have important biological causative factors, but psychological factors also play a role

Question 3

psychological disorder

Answer 3

mental or behavioral pattern causing significant distress to a person or impairing their ability to function within society

Question 4

what entity is the current standard for classifying mental disorders?

Answer 4

the DSM-5

Question 5

what are the 3 main types of depressive disorders?

Answer 5

major depressive disorder, dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder), and seasonal affective disorder

Question 6

major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 6

at least one 2-week episode of major depression

Question 7

dysthymia / persistent depressive disorder

Answer 7

less severe than major depressive disorder, but lasts for at least two years

Question 8

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 8

depression that has a regular seasonal onset

Question 9

what are the 3 main subtypes of bipolar disorders?

Answer 9

Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder.

Question 10

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 10

manic episodes; does not require depressive episodes to be classified

Question 11

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 11

at least one major depressive episode and one or more episodes of hypomania

Question 12

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 12

less intense depressive episodes and hypomania

Question 13

what are the 3 main subtypes of anxiety disorders?

Answer 13

generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and illness anxiety disorder

Question 14

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 14

extremely high levels of stress for routine, everyday aspects of life

Question 15

social anxiety disorder

Answer 15

onset of intense feelings of stress in social situations

Question 16

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 16

excessive concern about medical conditions in the absence of physical symptoms

Question 17

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 17

presence of obsessions (intrusive thoughts) that can only be quieted temporarily by compulsions (ritualistic behaviors)

Question 18

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 18

obsessive focus on a percieved flaw in appearance (negligible or not present)

Question 19

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 19

caused by intense acute and/or chronic trauma. intrusive recollections (not necessarily visual), avoidance of stimuli related to trauma, negative mood/cognitions changes related to the traumatic event, altered patterns of reactivity and arousal

Question 20

what are the 2 main types of somatic disorders?

Answer 20

somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder

Question 21

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 21

excessive preoccupation with a physical symptom

Question 22

conversion disorder

Answer 22

impaired voluntary motor/sensory function with no apparent biological cause

Question 23

what are the two main types of dissociative disorders?

Answer 23

dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia

Question 24

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 24

having different personalities at different times in the same individual

Question 25

dissociative amnesia

Answer 25

retrograde amnesia in which people lose episodic memories of their own lives

Question 26

depersonalization/derealization disorder

Answer 26

disconnection from own existence, as if observing yourself

Question 27

what is the difference between positive and negative symptoms?

Answer 27

positive symptoms = add something that normal people don't experience negative symptoms = take away something that normal people usually have

Question 28

prodromal phase of schizophrenia

Answer 28

a period of poor social adjustment and integration before the onset of full schizophrenia

Question 29

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 29

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and behavior, catatonia (abnormal movement patterns)

Question 30

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 30

lethargy, diminished initiative, diminished levels of emotional intensity

Question 31

proposed biological cause of schizophrenia

Answer 31

excess dopamine production and high heritability from parents

Question 32

major ways to treat schizophrenia

Answer 32

antipsychotics, neuroleptics, and therapy-based approaches

Question 33

Cluster A of personality disorders

Answer 33

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

Question 34

Cluster B of personality disorders

Answer 34

antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, and borderline personality disorders

Question 35

Cluster C of personality disorders

Answer 35

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Question 36

paranoid personality disorder

Answer 36

high level of distrust towards others, jealousy, and a tendency to interpret innocent actions as malevolently-intended

Question 37

schizoid personality disorder

Answer 37

marked preference for solitude, tendency to form few relationships, overall tendency towards emotional aloofness, coldness, and a restricted range of emotions

Question 38

schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 38

intense discomfort in social contexts, baby delusions

Question 39

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 39

pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, often violent and lacking remorse

Question 40

narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 40

pervasive sense of one's unique talents, brilliance, etc. fantasies about unlimited success and power, shallow and conflict-driven relationships with others

Question 41

histrionic personality disorder

Answer 41

pattern of flashy, attention-seeking behavior, exaggerating but not always sincere emotional expressions

Question 42

borderline personality disorder

Answer 42

tendency for extremely intense (but unstable) emotions and moods, splitting (people are either all good or all bad), risky and impulsive behavior

Question 43

avoidant personality disorder

Answer 43

persistent sense of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to criticism, leading to avoidance of social situations

Question 44

dependent personality disorder

Answer 44

profound need to be taken care of by others, even when it's something they could do themselves. prone to being abused in relationships

Question 45

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 45

NOT OCD. excessive concern with orderliness, rules, etc. tend to be perfectionistic, controlling, inflexible, stubborn.

Question 46

Parkinson's disease symptoms

Answer 46

tremors, slower/shuffling movements, loss of facial expressions, bent posture

Question 47

Parkinson's disease biological basis

Answer 47

cell death in the substantia nigra in the brain, leading to reduced dopamine levels. do NOT give medication that produces a bunch of dopamine (ie. meth) because you can start having schizophrenia symptoms

Question 48

depression may be caused by deficiencies in what two main neurotransmitters?

Answer 48

serotonin and dopamine

Question 49

what medications are used to treat depression?

Answer 49

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) = force serotonin to stick around in the brain longer