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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 12- Culture, Demographics, and Inequality > Flashcards

Ch. 12- Culture, Demographics, and Inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

culture

A

the common practices and shared understandings that bind us together in a human society

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2
Q

material culture

A

our stuff/physical artifacts of culture

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3
Q

symbolic culture

A

everything about culture that’s not physical (beliefs, values, rituals, symbols)

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4
Q

beliefs

A

general cultural consensus of how the world works

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5
Q

values

A

convictions about how the world should be, how people should act, and what should be prioritized

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6
Q

rituals

A

actions that have a script

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7
Q

symbols

A

a “shorthand” method of conveying the meaning of something

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8
Q

language

A

means through which we communicate about various cultural concepts

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9
Q

subcultures

A

groups of people in a larger framework of people that have either additional cultural practices/norms, or certain cultural traits that are at odds with the surrounding society

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10
Q

countercultures

A

subcultures in opposition to the surrounding culture (ie. hippies)

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11
Q

mass media

A

radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, internet, etc. broad diffusion of messages.

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12
Q

popular/pop culture

A

uses mass media to centralize and standardize culture

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13
Q

culture lag

A

changes in material culture (ie. technology) can happen more quickly than society can keep up with

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14
Q

culture shock

A

disorienting experience of immersion in a new culture

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15
Q

assimilation

A

integration into the predominant culture

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16
Q

multiculturalism

A

preservation of previous cultures when you’re put into a new culture

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17
Q

cultural transmission

A

cultural elements are transferred from one generation to the next

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18
Q

cultural diffusion

A

cultural elements may be passed from one population to another

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19
Q

examples of demographic categories include? (7)

A

age (absolute years and age cohorts/generations), sex, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, immigration status

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20
Q

gender roles

A

norms and expectations for a certain gender

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21
Q

gender schema

A

how we cognitively organize information about gender, and how we perceive the world through the lens of gender

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22
Q

gender script

A

expectations about how the different genders should act in situations

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23
Q

gender segregation

A

social institutions where people are separated by gender (ie. bathrooms)

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24
Q

race

A

physical characteristics associated with descent from certain populations

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25
Q

racialization

A

when a racial identity is externally imposed on someone

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26
Q

race formation theory

A

racialization is used by power structures to reach political or social goals

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27
Q

ethnicity

A

someone’s cultural background

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28
Q

demographic transition

A

society transfers from a pattern of high deathrate/high birthrate to low deathrate/low birthrate.

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29
Q

demographic transition stage 1

A

high death rate and high birth rate
(stable or slightly increasing population)

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30
Q

demographic transition stage 2

A

death rate decreases but birth rate remains high (population spike)

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31
Q

demographic transition stage 3

A

slow decrease in death rate, drop in birth rate (slower population expansion)

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32
Q

demographic transition stage 4

A

both birth rate and death rate are low
(stable population)

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33
Q

demographic transition stage 5

A

lower birth rate than death rate (decreasing population)

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34
Q

what options are there for immigration status?

A

citizen, permanent resident, visa, or undocumented

35
Q

stage 1 population pyramid points

A

sharp, curved pyramid with a tiny top and wide base

36
Q

stage 2 population pyramid points

A

regular triangular pyramid

37
Q

stage 3 population pyramid points

A

straight base with pyramid on top

38
Q

stage 4 population pyramid points

A

bullet-shaped dome

39
Q

stage 5 population pyramid points

A

base becomes narrower than the top

40
Q

dependency ratio

A

ratio of dependents to working class providers (higher ratio = population aging)

41
Q

how are birth rate and death rate usually reported?

A

by births or deaths per 1,000, can be age- or sex-specific

42
Q

how are fertility rates usually reported?

A

by births per year per woman of reproductive age, can also be age-specific.

43
Q

emigration

A

moving out of a country (affected by push factors)

44
Q

immigration

A

moving into a country (affected by pull factors)

45
Q

push factors

A

factors that lead people to emigrate from countries (war, poverty, violence)

46
Q

pull factors

A

factors that lead people to immigrate to countries (economic prosperity, social stability)

47
Q

world systems theory

A

created to understand globalization/increasing links between geographically distant countries. it divides countries into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations.

48
Q

core nations

A

high-skill labor, requires intensive capital investment (US, Canada, Western Europe, Australia)

49
Q

semi-peripheral nations

A

not quite core and not quite peripheral nations (China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, South Africa)

50
Q

peripheral nations

A

lower-skilled labor and natural resources (most of the developing world)

51
Q

urban decay

A

people moving out of cities

52
Q

urban renewal

A

people moving back into cities

53
Q

gentrification

A

people moving back into cities and displacing lower-income, working-class communities from their established neighborhoods

54
Q

proactive social movements

A

seek to make a certain kind of change happen

55
Q

reactive social movements

A

seek to prevent change

56
Q

relative deprivation

A

a person doesn’t have things other people around them do, or doesn’t have things they’re used to having.

57
Q

class systems

A

formed based on income, mobility between them is possible

58
Q

caste system

A

hereditary assignment of social status

59
Q

social capital

A

“wealth” you have through social network and contacts

60
Q

cultural capital

A

the traits signaling membership in a higher class of society

61
Q

class consciousness

A

you identify as a member of a class and advocate for the interests of that class

62
Q

false consciousness

A

focusing on other parts of their identity so much you forget about class, and may buy into incorrect ideas about social class or mobility

63
Q

power

A

the ability to get things done, influence others, or to shape the world the way you want.

64
Q

prestige

A

signals that appear to be associated with power (ie. a degree, type of school, car, etc.)

65
Q

privilege

A

favorable assumptions/advantages due to features such as race, sex, and physical characteristics

66
Q

intersectionality

A

experiences of an individual are more than the sum of the component demographics

67
Q

absolute poverty

A

insufficient means to subsist

68
Q

relative poverty

A

poorer than the surrounding community

69
Q

marginal poverty

A

caused by a lack of stable employment

70
Q

structual poverty

A

caused and enforced by overall economic structure

71
Q

residential segregation

A

clustering of demographic groups

72
Q

social reproduction

A

passing on social status to the next generation (especially poverty/inequality)

73
Q

global inequalities

A

differences between countries

74
Q

prevalence

A

how many people in a population have a condition at a given time

75
Q

incidence

A

how many individuals in a population are newly diagnosed with a condition over a given time frame

76
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

ability for successive generations to rise or fall in status or class

77
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

events within a person’s lifetime that change their status or class

78
Q

vertical mobility

A

rise or fall in income

79
Q

horizontal mobility

A

keeping the same income but changing occupation (or losing occupation altogether)

80
Q

meritocracy

A

promotion, advancement, and success are based on an individual’s capabilities

81
Q

socioeconomic status

A

how affluent or poor you are

82
Q

exchange mobility

A

views basic socioeconomic structure as being stable, so if you move up, someone else has to move down.

83
Q

structural mobility

A

views basic socioeconomic structure as not stable, so moving people up or down can cause many people to be enriched or impoverished at the same time (ie. Great Depression)

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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