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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 4- Consciousness > Flashcards

Ch. 4- Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of surroundings

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2
Q

what are the 4 main states of consciousness?

A

alert, daydreaming, drowsy, and asleep.

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3
Q

alertness

A

most attention to sensory input

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4
Q

what 2 structures in the brain are most closely associated with alertness?

A

reticular formation and the reticular activating system

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5
Q

where is the reticular formation located?

A

the brainstem

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6
Q

unconsciousness

A

a person cannot be easily roused

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7
Q

coma

A

deepest form of unconsciousness, a person doesn’t react normally to stimuli like pain, light, sound, and isn’t in a normal sleep/wake cycle

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8
Q

what is used to record brain waves while someone is asleep?

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

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9
Q

what does electromyography (EMG) record?

A

muscle activity, part of a sleep study

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10
Q

what does electrooculography (EOG) record?

A

eye activity, part of a sleep study

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11
Q

what is a polysomnography?

A

a comprehensive sleep study

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12
Q

what is a mnemonic for remembering what brain waves correspond to what stages of sleep?

A

BATS drink blood- beta waves (awake), alpha waves (drowsy), theta waves (N1), sleep spindles (N2), delta waves (N3/slow-wave), then beta waves again (REM)

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13
Q

beta waves

A

brain waves shown during alertness

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

brain waves shown during drowsiness or awake with eyes closed

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15
Q

theta waves

A

brain waves shown during non-REM 1 (N1) stage of sleep

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16
Q

K-complexes and sleep spindles

A

brain waves shown during non-REM 2 (N2) stage of sleep

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17
Q

delta waves

A

brain waves shown during non-REM 3 (N3) or slow-wave sleep

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18
Q

what sleep stage deals with consolidating memory?

A

N2

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19
Q

what sleep stage deals with memory processing?

A

N3/SWS

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20
Q

REM

A

rapid-eye movement

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21
Q

what sleep stage deals with dreaming, irregular respiration and irregular heartrate?

A

REM

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22
Q

what is REM rebound?

A

the phenomenon of how if you don’t get enough REM sleep one night, you’ll spend extra time in REM the next night to catch up.

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23
Q

in what sleep stage does eye movement start and stop?

A

starts in REM, stops in N2

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24
Q

how long is the sleep cycle in adults and kids?

A

90min adults, 50min kids

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25
Q

what is our circadian rhythm?

A

our body’s sleep-wake cycle

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26
Q

melatonin

A

hormone from the pineal gland that promotes drowsiness

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27
Q

cortisol

A

hormone from the adrenal glands that modulates the chronic stress response, but also contributes to wakefulness

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28
Q

insomnia

A

hard to fall asleep or stay asleep

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29
Q

narcolepsy

A

excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, abnormal REM sleep, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations

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30
Q

sleep apnea

A

stop breathing while sleeping

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31
Q

dyssomnias

A

sleep disorders that interfere with whether or not sleep takes place

32
Q

parasomnias

A

sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavior during sleep

33
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

34
Q

night terrors

A

flight-or-fight response is suddenly turned on, you often just sit up and scream

35
Q

manifest content of dreams

A

surface-level plotline and details of dreams

36
Q

latent content of dreams

A

hidden meaning of dreams

37
Q

Freud’s concept of wish fulfillment

A

dreams provide a way to resolve a repressed conflict by allowing a person to visualise the satisfaction of a desire

38
Q

activation-synthesis model of dreams

A

synthesizing the activation of neurons in REM sleep results as a dream

39
Q

the problem-solving theory of dreams

A

the brain unconsciously processes and works through problems

40
Q

the cognitive theory of dreams

A

dreams reflect cognitive structures that we use in everyday life

41
Q

hypnosis

A

someone inducing a hyper-suggestible state onto someone else. the person will respond to stimuli regularly but will be a lot more responsive to suggestions

42
Q

meditation

A

quieting one’s mind to focus attention more deliberately

43
Q

what type of drug is caffeine?

A

stimulant

44
Q

what do stimulant drugs do?

A

increase CNS activity, have an eneretic effect, or mimic the parasympathetic nervous system’s “fight-or-flight” response

45
Q

addiction

A

a pattern of compulsive behavior despite negative consequences

46
Q

dependence

A

the onset of withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking a drug

47
Q

tolerance

A

you have to start taking larger doses of a drug for it to still work on you

48
Q

what pathway is often active in addiction?

A

the mesolimbic pathway

49
Q

what brain structures are contained in the mesolimbic pathway?

A

nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubule, medial forebrain bundle

50
Q

what 5 well-known drugs are stimulants?

A

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, MDMA, and cocaine

51
Q

what effect do amphetamines have?

A

decrease appetite and increase energy

52
Q

what effect does MDMA have?

A

increases energy, increases empathy, stimulates the release of serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine

53
Q

what effect does cocaine have?

A

blocks reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

54
Q

what do depressant drugs do?

A

decrease CNS activity

55
Q

what 3 well-known substances are depressants?

A

alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates

56
Q

what are benzodiazepines and barbiturates most commonly used for?

A

treatment of anxiety (do NOT use with alcohol)

57
Q

what is Korsakoff syndrome?

A

caused by alcohol abuse, when you experience memory loss, confusion, and confabulation

58
Q

what do opioids do?

A

they are potent agonists for natural opioid receptors in the body (like endorphins). good for pain relief, but very addictive

59
Q

what 6 well-known substances are opioids?

A

morphine, heroin, oxycodone, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone

60
Q

what do hallucinogens do?

A

distort perceptions and enhance sensory experiences

61
Q

what 4 well-known substances are hallucinogens?

A

LSD, ketamine, psilocybin, PCP

62
Q

does marijuana fit into any major drug categories?

A

not really, it binds to endocannabinoid receptors

63
Q

selective attention

A

ability to pick out one thing to pay attention to while ignoring everything else

64
Q

Broadbent filter model

A

background/unimportant information is filtered out and lost

65
Q

Treismann attenuation model

A

unimportant/background information gets minimized, but if something important happens we notice it

66
Q

inattentional blindness

A

you’re so focused on one thing that you ignore everything else that’s not that thing.

67
Q

change blindness

A

we miss things that have gradually or subtly changed in our environment

68
Q

how would you expect to see a difference in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in stimulants vs. depressants?

A

stimulants = heartrate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure increase
depressants = heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure decrease

69
Q

what receptor do depressants such as alcohol affect?

A

GABA receptors = inhibitory neurotransmitter. brain thinks it’s receiving more GABA = thinks it’s receiving less signals = fires slower

70
Q

does multitasking work?

A

yes, but up to a certain point. if you try to multitask too much you’ll just end up doing a really bad job at everything.

71
Q

simultaneous attention

A

actually paying attention to two tihngs at the same time

72
Q

sequential attention

A

we’re not actually paying attention to two things at the same time, we’re just constantly switching back and forth between the two

73
Q

what did Kahneman say about multitasking?

A

you do things worse while multitasking than if you do them in isolation/not multitasking

74
Q

Allport’s module resource theory

A

attention isn’t regulated by a single center in the brain, but divided up into different modules according to task. Multitasking using different modules works, multitasking using the same module does not.

75
Q

what is controlled vs. automatic processing?

A

controlled processing- you have to think about doing something to do it
automatic processing - you can do it on autopilot

76
Q
A

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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