Ch. 1- Experimental Designs and Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what do experimental studies do?

A

manipulate an independent variable to observe the change in a dependent variable

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2
Q

what axis are independent variables usually displayed on in graphs?

A

usually the x-axis

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3
Q

in experimental studies, which variable is manipulated?

A

the independent variable

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4
Q

in experimental studies, which variable changes in response to a change in the other?

A

the dependent variable

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5
Q

what axis are dependent variables usually displayed on in graphs?

A

usually the y-axis

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6
Q

what are confounding variables?

A

things that affect both the independent and dependent variables

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7
Q

what are mediating variables?

A

things that provide a causal link between two variables

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8
Q

what are moderating variables?

A

things that change the intensity of a relationship between two other variables

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9
Q

what is the process of making a variable measurable?

A

operationalization

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10
Q

in experimental studies, what are negative controls?

A

control groups where they receive no treatment/placebo

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11
Q

in experimental studies, what are positive controls?

A

control groups where they receive something else that does the thing you’re looking for (that’s not the thing being tested itself)

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12
Q

what is the purpose of randomization and blinding in studies?

A

to improve validity (making sure as few things are messing with the real outcome as possible)

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13
Q

what happens in randomized controlled trials?

A

participants are assigned randomly to either a treatment or control group

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14
Q

what do observational studies do?

A

analyze relationships among variables but DON’T manipulate anything

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15
Q

what do cross-sectional studies do?

A

sample a population, measure things about that group

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16
Q

what do case-control studies do?

A

compare individuals with the thing of interest (cases) with unaffected individuals (controls).

17
Q

what do case studies and case series do?

A

deal in depth with one or a few individuals in particular

18
Q

what are longitudinal studies?

A

studies that follow multiple measures of people over time

19
Q

what are cohort studies?

A

studies where people are grouped by some organizational principle (ie. age) and followed over time

20
Q

what are retrospective studies?

A

studies that analyze participants’ history (looking backwards in time)

21
Q

what are systematic reviews and meta-analyses?

A

it’s combining data from a bunch of studies and doing a critical or quantitative analysis

22
Q

what are prospective studies?

A

studies that analyze participants moving forward in time

23
Q

RIVBIVS

what are the seven ethics standards?

A

RIVBIVS:
1. respect
2. informed consent
3. valid science
4. benefits outweigh risks
5. independent review
6. value- social and clinical
7. subject selection is fair

24
Q

what are qualitative methods?

A

open-ended questions/verbal answers

25
Q

what are quantitative methods?

A

getting number variables

26
Q

what are objective vs. subjective measures

A

objective = something you can measure with numbers
subjective = something you can’t really measure in numbers

27
Q

what is validity of a study?

A

how accurate and meaningful a study’s results are

28
Q

what is internal validity?

A

how well you can draw a causal conclusion from the data

29
Q

what is external validity?

A

how well the experiment generalizes to real life

30
Q

what is construct validity?

A

how well the study assesses what it says it’s supposed to (content, criterion, and predictive validity)

31
Q

what is the difference between accuracy/validity and precision/reliability?

A

accuracy/validity = does the measure produce values close to the objectively true value?
precision/reliability = are the results close to each other?

32
Q

what are the pros and cons of using questionnaires as a survey method?

A

inexpensive, but vulnerable to self-reporting bias

33
Q

what is the social desirability bias?

A

tendency to respond in a way that seems more socially acceptable

34
Q

what is the acquiescence bias?

A

tendency to answer “yes” to a question by default

35
Q

what is representativeness?

A

the idea that a sample should accurately reflect the population that it was taken from

36
Q

what is the bottom-up approach to persuasion?

A

starting with all the evidence and moving to the thesis

37
Q

what is the top-down approach to persuasion?

A

starting with a thesis and then include pieces of evidence to support the thesis