Ch6 Gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Mammalian gas exchange efficiency

A
  1. cartilage rings keep airway open
  2. wide trachea with branching bronchi for efficient flow of air
  3. intercostal muscles and diaphragm ventilate lungs to maintain diffusion concentration gradient
  4. many alveoli walls and blood capillaries provide large SA
  5. walls of alveoli and capillaries thin for short diffusion pathway
  6. walls of alveoli and capillaries have flattened cells(squamous epithelium)
    7.cell membrane permeable to gases
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2
Q

Human inspiration

A
  1. internal intercostal muscles relax
  2. diaphragm relaxes
  3. external intercostal muscles contract
  4. ribcage pulled up and out
  5. pressure decrease in thoracic cavity
  6. volume increase
  7. air enters lungs down pressure gradient
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3
Q

Human expiration

A
  1. internal intercostal muscles contract
  2. diaphragm contracts
  3. external intercostal muscles relax
  4. ribcage moves downwards and inwards
  5. pressure increase in thoracic cavity
  6. volume decrease
  7. air exits lungs down pressure gradient
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4
Q

Pulmonary ventilation rate

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

Volume of air taken in in 1 minute

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5
Q

Diffusion formula

A

SA x concentration difference / length of diffusion path

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6
Q

Insect gas exchange efficiency

A
  1. spiracles open to allow diffusion of oxygen
  2. tracheoles are highly branched so large SA
  3. tracheole walls are thin so short diffusion pathway
  4. tracheole walls are permeable to oxygen and close to cells
  5. exoskeletons are impermeable so reduce water loss
  6. maintained diffusion gradient in trachea
  7. ventilation replacing air in tracheae
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7
Q

Fish gas exchange efficiency

A
  1. many filaments and lamellae for large SA
  2. large number capillaries maintains diffusion gradient
  3. thin epithelium in lamellae wall so short diffusion pathway
  4. counter-current flow
  5. circulation replaces blood saturated with O2
  6. ventilation replaces water as O2 is removed
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8
Q

Fish counter-current principle

A
  1. water always meets blood with higher oxygen concentration
  2. concentration gradient maintains along the entire gill
  3. more oxygen diffuses into blood
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9
Q

How fish maintains flow of water

A
  1. mouth opens, operculum shuts
  2. floor of mouth lowered
  3. water enters due to decreased pressure
  4. mouth closes, operculum opens
  5. floor raised causes increased pressure
  6. increased pressure forces water over gills
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10
Q

Water loss in insects

A
  1. exoskeletons are impermeable so reduce water loss
  2. spiracles can close valves so no water loss
  3. hairs around spiracles reduce water loss
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11
Q

Insect diffusion gradient

A
  1. cells respire
  2. oxygen concentration at end of tracheoles decreases
  3. gaseous oxygen diffuses from atmosphere along trachea and tracheoles to cells
  4. down concentration gradient
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12
Q

Insect mass transport

A
  1. muscles contract
  2. trachea is squeezed
  3. mass movement of air in and out
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13
Q

Insects tracheole water

A
  1. anaerobic respiration produces lactate
  2. lowers water potential in muscle cells
  3. via osmosis, water moves into cells from tracheoles
  4. water volume in tracheoles decreases
  5. air is drawn into tracheoles down pressure gradient
  6. greater water evaporation
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14
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air taken in by one breath in resting conditions

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15
Q

Water loss plants

A
  1. Waxy cuticle impermeable to water
  2. sunken stomata in pits traps layer of air, maintaining humidity
  3. stomata can close, reducing area for evaporation
  4. hairs traps layer of air, maintaining humidity
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16
Q

How oxygen in the air reaches capillaries

A
  1. trachea and bronchi and bronchioles
  2. down pressure gradient
  3. down diffusion gradient across alveolar epithelium
  4. across capillary endothelium