Ch4 Flashcards
1
Q
Listening is a receptive language skill but not a __ act
A
passive
2
Q
In SLA it is important that students feel a sense of __ purpose
A
personal
3
Q
What is minimal pair practice and how should it be performed? What is it considered a prerequisite for?
A
- Repeat similar phrases that differ by a single phoneme IN CONTEXT
- Learning to read
4
Q
What are methods for learning listening skills? (5)
A
- Use poems/nursery rhymes to introduce words that differ by 1 phoneme
- Have students FITB at the end of sentences
- Read linguistically playful writings (alliteration, etc.)
- Jazz chants
- Poetry read aloud “Late Again” substituting backpack and homework for keys, etc.
5
Q
What simple activity can students perform to demonstrate comprehension after hearing a recording?
A
Answer true/false Questions
6
Q
Describe Total Physical Response (TPR). How can student demonstrate comprehension?
A
- Students respond to oral commands that are modeled: Stand/Sit, Take out your book
- Pointing to a drawing/picture or acting out a command, etc.
7
Q
What is also natural to introduce when using TPR (Total Physical Response)?
A
Reading and writing commands should also be integrated
8
Q
What stage of language learning is associated with TPR (Total Physical Response)?
A
Early
9
Q
What is currently the recommended way to teach reading, writing, listening and speaking.
A
In an integrated fashion at the same time.
10
Q
How did CA set up ELD standards?
A
In a way that translates to the ELA common core standards
11
Q
How do teachers benefit from CA’s ELD standards
A
It gives a developmental framework for teaching EL’s
12
Q
How can teachers integrate other language skills to an EL who tells a story?
A
Write it down and then read it or have them read it.
13
Q
What modalities other than writing and speaking can be integrated into learning?
A
Visual/Illustrative (art), musical/dramatic arts, a/v production
14
Q
What connection is the most important connection for the student to make?
A
Personal
15
Q
What 4 things can be done too improve retention in a “listening” setting
A
- Draw upon or build up students’ schemata
- Clearly define the purpose
- Ensure the task has real-world context
- Follow with a speaking task
16
Q
Current SLA teaching methods emphasize __ aspects of language and recognize the importance of the listener’s __ __ __
A
interactional
construction of meaning
17
Q
What do current SLA teaching methods say about academic subjects in the early stages of language development?
A
They should be included
18
Q
What should a teacher do before, during and after a classroom visitor comes to speak?
A
Before: Discuss the topic and brainstorm questions
During: Record and ask students to listen for answers to their questions
After: Listen and make notes of ideas to share
19
Q
What is the “information Gap” activity
A
Two students have copies of the same materials (pictures). One describes it and the other guess which one is being described
20
Q
Why is formal (academic) discourse more difficult than BIC?
A
There is no interaction to “negotiate” meaning
21
Q
What are 5 principles for an environment conducive to formal discourse?
A
- Make discussion (peer explanation) an integral part of learning
- A climate of trust & respect
- Organize the physical setting
- Use flexible groupings
- Provider variety in topics
22
Q
What does the latest advice suggest adding more of in ELD instruction?
A
Grammar and vocabulary
23
Q
What should we integrate with speaking?
A
Reading
24
Q
Longer stretches of speech require correct __ __
A
intonation patterns
25
In improving oral proficiency, name two things to emphasize and one thing to avoid
- Participation and progress
| - Over-correction
26
What are the 3 formats for Oral Practice in the ELD class?
- Guided
- Communicative
- Free Conversation
27
What is a good oracy strategy?
Self-talk
28
After modeling positive self-talk, what two activities can follow?
- FITB worksheet
| - Prepare a 1 minute presentation using self-talk
29
What is Cued Story Retelling?
- Each student has pictures related to different part of a story. As the teacher reads, the students hold up the appropriate picture.
- After the story, the pictures are mixed up then ordered to match the story order
30
How many words does a typical native speaker know by kindergarten?
5-7 thousand
31
How, besides through reading, should vocab be learned?
Orally
32
What are two methods to help with learning academic vocabulary?
- Contextual guessing
| - Dictionaries (both languages)
33
What is a good way to have a discussion about vocabulary?
- Definition, syn/ant/onyms
| - Have each group select a set and then one presents to class
34
Vocab instruction should be
multi-faceted
35
How can students visualize vocab?
Illustrate the word then quiz each other
36
What is a common contributing factor to EL's having a literacy gap?
A lack of formal training in their native language
37
When a child has a lack of formal training in their native language, what goal besides L2 proficiency is at risk
A high level of proficiency in their native language
38
What are 5 characteristics of classrooms that support EL literacy development?
- Meaningful, jointly negotiated activities
- Cognitively demanding yet scaffolded to ensure success
- Organized learning so that new learning builds on familiar topics/themes
- Collaborative with mixed groups
- A print-rich environment
39
Name 5 skills/understandings transfer from L1 to L2
- Print carries meaning
- Syntactic and semantic knowledge
- Cues to predict meaning
- Reading strategies
- Confidence in reading
40
What are 3 principles for teaching literacy in students w/o native language literacy?
- Introduced in a meaningful way
- Link oral and print as naturally as possible
- Opportunity to enjoy reading and writing
41
What is a program for SIFE learners (often older)
RIGOR: Reading Instruction Goals for Older Readers
42
What are 7 instructional procedures for successful literacy learning
- Environmental print
- Meaning based
- Silent reading period
- Low-anxiety environment
- Motivating activities
- Integration of structure and function
- Integration of Content and Literacy
43
What is the current recommendation for reading instruction in terms of top-down, bottom-up approaches?
A balanced approach
44
Top-down approaches to reading are often called __ __. Bottom-Up approaches to reading ___ sounds of a language to its ___ form. Language modes (speaking, listening, etc.) are ___
meaning centered
connects, written
interdependent
45
What are two characteristics of Whole Language
- Meaning-centered. Meaning plays a central role
| - Language modes (speaking, etc.) are interdependent
46
What is the core of the bottom-up approach to reading?
- Connect the sounds of a language with its written form and meaning will take care of itself
47
How is bottom-up reading presented?
With simplified language and easily decodable text.
48
What does bottom-up reading emphasize?
- Identifying words and sentence patterns
| - Once words are identified, meaning takes care of itself
49
What are 7 components of a balanced literacy approach to reading?
- Shared reading (read along)
- Read aloud (listen)
- Reading Workshop (independently, partners)
- Shared writing (teacher composes while modeling thought process)
- Interactive writing (both write together)
- Writing workshop (as above)
- Word study (Phonemic awareness, phonics, spelling)
50
Differentiate "part-to-whole" and "embedded" phonics
PTH matches sounds w/ letters (avoid exceptions)
| E guides discovery with familiar texts
51
What are 2 takeaways regarding using Phonics for EL's?
- Good for learning
| - Need to keep interest by nurturing a love for literature
52
What is Phonemic Awareness?
The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes
53
What is the shortcoming of regulators emphasizing phonics in instruction?
It can't replace interactive, dynamic conversations that students have with teachers
54
How does relying only on Phonics effect students' reading experience
Slows them down and bores them. They need time devoted to literary experiences
55
What is the explicit theme of standards-based reading instruction (CCSS) Common Core State Standards? the integration of? (2)
Knowledge
| Ideas
56
What is the primary motivation to learn to read and write
Seeing others doing it. Not all EL's have this
57
What is necessary for emergent literacy (5)?
- Prior knowledge
- Phonemic awareness
- Recognize non-phonemic words
- Acquire reading behaviors
- Participate in the culture of reading
58
What are 4 important facets of learning to read?
- Skill with print
- Decoding text
- Prior knowledge
- Comprehension
59
What are 3 strategies for decoding text?
Semantic: "fit" in context
Syntactic: Verb? Noun?
Orthographic: Shape/length
60
How can we help students model the thinking process for reading comprehension?
```
Identify the connections during reading as:
(MI) Main Idea
(W) World knowledge
(ME) Personal knowledge
(C) Casual knowledge
```
61
What is the Three-Stage Reading Process?
- Pre-reading "Into" activities
- - Brainstorming
- - KWL, What I: KNOW, WANT to learn, LEARNED
- "Through" activities: Read aloud to them
- "Beyond" activities: Poems, letters to authors/pen pals, cued retelling, mock TV shows
62
What is the Language Experience Approach (LEA) to literacy instruction?
- Teacher transcribes a student told story or event then reads it
- Student reads it back
63
What are 3 advantages of the Language Experience Approach (LEA)?
- Connect students to their own experiences
- Reinforces sound -> symbols -> recreating the ideas expressed
- Provides text for lessons on vocab, grammar, writing conventions, structure, etc
64
What is increasingly used as the core of a reading program?
Literature-based reading using "controlled readers", multi-cultural literature and self-selection
65
What is true about the characters in the graphic literary genre of Manga?
Lots of shades of gray
66
What is true about reading and writing in (PLC) Participatory Literary Communities?
Reading and writing are partnered with speaking and doing?
67
When teachers encourage EL's to enjoy reading, the classroom becomes its own ___ ___
Literacy Community
68
What are 2 characteristics of the Three-Tier Model of reading Instruction (Response to Intervention: RTI)?
- Strategic, supplemental intervention to those that fall behind
- Provides many opportunities for remediation before referral to Special Education
69
What are the 3 tiers in the Three-Tier Model of reading Instruction (Response to Intervention: RTI)?
Tier I: Core reading: ELA or ELD strategies
Tier II: Strategic Supplemental Intervention: Individually or small groups
Tier III: Intensive Intervention until unnecessary
70
Literacy is foster by __, __ learning
inclusionary
| multicultural
71
Writing is an opportunity to link with the ___ and ___ heritage of the US and begin to communicate effectively __ __
social, cultural
| across cultures
72
According to the conclusions of Fitzgerald and Amendum (2007), what writing skills/experiences transfer for preschool, primary and intermediate/secondary EL's?
Preschool: May develop similarly to natives
Primary-Int: Writing skills can transfer from L1 to L2
Int-Sec: Composing processes (pre-writing, planning strategies) resemble native speakers
73
What are 3 recommendations for writing exercises (Fitzgerald)
- Daily News: (LEA) Students dictate ideas to a scribe
- Dialogue journals
- Persuasive essays
74
What two things may be true about children's writing in terms of writing
- Shorthand for more complex messages than meets the eye
| - Child brain is just as creative and meaning seeking as adult
75
What does the Sociocultural approach to writing say about individuals engaging in literacy
It is done for specific purposes in specific contexts as participants in specific communities
76
What is important for EL's to develop simultaneously to oral-language skills?
Writing skills
77
What should be emphasized in terms of writing, product or process?
Process
78
The writing process provides situations where language can be used ___
meaningfully
79
What are the three stage of the writing process?
Prewriting: (Brainstorming for a first sentence)
Writing: (Quickly to capture ideas, Listen and comment on drafts)
Editing: Correct, refine
80
What is the Six Traits Approach for writing?
- Ideas (for content)
- Organization
- Voice (effectiveness of personal experience)
- Word Choice
- Sentence Fluency
- Conventions
81
What is true about BLOG content?
Includes varied audio-visual content in addition to writing
82
What type of writing can be a powerful motivator?
Poetry
83
What are two benefits of poetry?
Multicultural
| Permits word play/imagination
84
What is a Poetry Slam
An MC introduces poets who present to the audience
85
What 2 things should be considered first when considering error correcting and grammar practice?
Indiscriminate error correcting and decontextualized grammar practice do not enhance SLA
86
How should errors be treated in early stages vs. students with greater proficiency?
Early Stage: Don't correct if meaning is clear
| More Proficient: Need feedback on recurring errors. Address systematic errors
87
How should we teach spelling?
Focus on the few rules that cover 95% of the words used
88
What is the latest thought on extremely structured approaches to grammar?
Linguists question the value for the attainment of grammatical competence
89
What are two of the most recent suggestions for dealing with grammar?
- Do so as the need arises
| - Show students how to self-correct with existing software
90
Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has been replaced by ___ and ___
TELL, Technology Enhanced Language Learning and CMC, Computer-Mediated Communication
91
How does TELL impact Literacy creating Literacy 2.0? (4)
- On-demand
- flexible, nonlinear
- multiple modalities
- extends beyond school walls
92
What is true about web pages that require a different guidance than typical academic literature?
They are non-linear
93
What does VIVO (Voice In Voice Out) technology offer to the functionally illiterate
Access to the internet's information w/o having to read or write
94
What are learners demanding in Literacy 2.0
Immersive educational experiences that are socially rich and engaging
95
What three things do word processors promote in students?
- write more
- find revisions easier
- more willing to exchange feedback
96
What 4 skills are focused on WebQuests instruction?
- self-thought
- analysis
- synthesis
- evaluation
97
What is true about online linguistic creativity and volume compared to language activities at school?
More creative and greater in volume
98
What is the teacher's role in TELL? (4)
- Monitor progress
- Encourage
- Instruct
- Model appropriate behavior
99
What negative aspect of TELL does the teacher need to address?
Cyberbullying: Identify it and educate about the rationalizations used to justify it
100
What are 5 benefits of TELL?
- Support strategic learning
- Increases communicative abilities
- Supports user autonomy
- Enhances creativity
- Brings together a classroom learning community
101
What do EL's need in terms of technological literacy?
- Access: bridge digital divide
| - In-depth computer skills for the workplace
