Ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 Language Universals? All languages

A

1) are dynamic
2) are equally complex (none are primitive)
3) have structure

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2
Q

What structure is present in all languages?

A

1) Nouns and verbs
2) Past tense
3) Negation
4) Questions and commands

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3
Q

What is true about Phonological Rules and native speakers

A

They are seldom, if ever, taught

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4
Q

What is the typical range of phonemes is a language? (In English?)

A

1) 20-50

2) 34-45

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5
Q

Where in the word can phonemic sequences be placed?

A

Initial, medial, final

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6
Q

Phonemic sequences can be described by these three characteristics.

A

1) Point of articulation
2) Manner of articulation (how the airstream is obstructed
3) Voiced or voiceless (vocal chord vibration or not)

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7
Q

How is the point of articulation determined?

A

By where the tongue starts - tip, front or back

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8
Q

How are stressed syllables emphasized?

A

Higher pitch

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9
Q

Why do EL’s find the stress in English difficult?

A

1) Reduces vowels in unaccented syllables to schwa

2) Also de-emphasizes unimportant words in a sentence

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10
Q

What are good methods to teach intonation?

A

Fun activities, chants, songs, etc.

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11
Q

What is a primary reason for irregular spelling in English?

A

About 60% of the words are from other languages

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12
Q

How many ways are there to spell the phoneme /i/

A

11

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13
Q

Regarding Morphemes:
The same sounds may have ___
The same meaning may have ___
They may have ___ syllables

A

1) multiple morphemes
2) different phonetic form (pronunciation)
3) multiple

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14
Q

What does “ism” mean

A

One who follows a doctrine, system or philosophy

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15
Q

What are three activities to teach EL’s about English morphemes?

A

1) Use roots from several words to generate new words
2) Given affixes and prefixes, generate new words and include definition
3) Study product names that use existing morphemes and how they connote the value of the product

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16
Q

What other types of “words” are used in English (4)

A

Clipping (prof)
Acronyms (SCUBA)
Computer/Text abbr. (IMHO, ..)
Blends: smog, blog, brunch

17
Q

How is syntactic knowledge constructed by native speakers?

A

As children acquire the language

18
Q

What are 4 syntax differences for speakers of Mandarin?

A

1) Adverb signals tense “Yesterday I see him.”
2) Verbs don’t change for subject-verb agreement “He see me.”
3) Propositional phrase come before the verb “I at home ate”
4) Noun form doesn’t change “They give me three dollar”

19
Q

Grammar rules for verbs are ___ to learn. There are about __ irregular verbs.

A

easy

50

20
Q

Compare syntax to grammar

A

Syntax is the internally constructed rules that make sentences whereas grammar examines a sentence for conformance to a standard.

21
Q

What is a good exercise when you notice colloquial phrases?

A

Have students write down the standard phrase

22
Q

In English, how many words, how many in common usage and how many used by an education person in a week?

A

2,000,000
200,000
2000

23
Q

What portion of the English language did not originate in English?

A

2/3

24
Q

Learning connotations, denotations and other shades of meaning is ___

A

challenging

25
Q

Red –> anger is a ___

A

connotation

26
Q

What is it called when we move from a casual speaking language to a more formal writing language

A

a semantic shift

27
Q

What is a good activity for students to learn “shades’ of meaning from similar words?

A

Have students examine 2 groups of 5-8 synonyms and write a story incorporating the words and report on their meaning

28
Q

For EL’s vocab retention is improved if words from __ __ groups are presented

A

semantically related

29
Q

What are the 3 major communication skills included in pragmatics?

A

1) Language for different functions (greeting, informing, demanding, etc.)
2) Language determined by the listener or situation
3) Rules for conversation or narrative

30
Q

What are the language (7) functions Halliday discusses?

A

1) Instrumental (Getting what you want)
2) Regulatory (Be in charge of a group
3) Informational (Keep records, draw conclusions)
4) Interactional (Work together to plan events/projects
5) Personal (Share thoughts and opinions)
6) Heuristic (Ask questions no one know the answer to)
7) Imagination (Encourage play with words)

31
Q

What is speech register

A

Denotes the variety of language that takes the “audience” into consideration (gender, age, cultural background)

32
Q

What parts of the classroom interaction pattern can be confusing to EL’s? (3)

A

1) Turn taking
2) Topic focus / relevance
3) Conversational repair

33
Q

Many EL’s have difficulty with the typical classroom discourse. Typically, what % of the time do teacher talk and what % of the time do they ask a question that requires a quick response?

A

70%

60%

34
Q

Complete: Nov-verbal communication plays a large role in the ___ message given

A

emotional

35
Q

What type of non-verbal communication is highly variable and misunderstood?

A

Eye contact

36
Q

How is time viewed in the US?

A

As a commodity. Misuse it and earn disapproval

37
Q

What can be done to help with cultures that are not so locked in with appointment time?

A

Schedule blocks of hours for availability