Ch2 Flashcards
What are 3 Language Universals? All languages
1) are dynamic
2) are equally complex (none are primitive)
3) have structure
What structure is present in all languages?
1) Nouns and verbs
2) Past tense
3) Negation
4) Questions and commands
What is true about Phonological Rules and native speakers
They are seldom, if ever, taught
What is the typical range of phonemes is a language? (In English?)
1) 20-50
2) 34-45
Where in the word can phonemic sequences be placed?
Initial, medial, final
Phonemic sequences can be described by these three characteristics.
1) Point of articulation
2) Manner of articulation (how the airstream is obstructed
3) Voiced or voiceless (vocal chord vibration or not)
How is the point of articulation determined?
By where the tongue starts - tip, front or back
How are stressed syllables emphasized?
Higher pitch
Why do EL’s find the stress in English difficult?
1) Reduces vowels in unaccented syllables to schwa
2) Also de-emphasizes unimportant words in a sentence
What are good methods to teach intonation?
Fun activities, chants, songs, etc.
What is a primary reason for irregular spelling in English?
About 60% of the words are from other languages
How many ways are there to spell the phoneme /i/
11
Regarding Morphemes:
The same sounds may have ___
The same meaning may have ___
They may have ___ syllables
1) multiple morphemes
2) different phonetic form (pronunciation)
3) multiple
What does “ism” mean
One who follows a doctrine, system or philosophy
What are three activities to teach EL’s about English morphemes?
1) Use roots from several words to generate new words
2) Given affixes and prefixes, generate new words and include definition
3) Study product names that use existing morphemes and how they connote the value of the product