Ch2

Question 1

What are 3 Language Universals? All languages

Answer 1

1) are dynamic
2) are equally complex (none are primitive)
3) have structure

Question 2

What structure is present in all languages?

Answer 2

1) Nouns and verbs
2) Past tense
3) Negation
4) Questions and commands

Question 3

What is true about Phonological Rules and native speakers

Answer 3

They are seldom, if ever, taught

Question 4

What is the typical range of phonemes is a language? (In English?)

Answer 4

1) 20-50

2) 34-45

Question 5

Where in the word can phonemic sequences be placed?

Answer 5

Initial, medial, final

Question 6

Phonemic sequences can be described by these three characteristics.

Answer 6

1) Point of articulation
2) Manner of articulation (how the airstream is obstructed
3) Voiced or voiceless (vocal chord vibration or not)

Question 7

How is the point of articulation determined?

Answer 7

By where the tongue starts - tip, front or back

Question 8

How are stressed syllables emphasized?

Answer 8

Higher pitch

Question 9

Why do EL’s find the stress in English difficult?

Answer 9

1) Reduces vowels in unaccented syllables to schwa

2) Also de-emphasizes unimportant words in a sentence

Question 10

What are good methods to teach intonation?

Answer 10

Fun activities, chants, songs, etc.

Question 11

What is a primary reason for irregular spelling in English?

Answer 11

About 60% of the words are from other languages

Question 12

How many ways are there to spell the phoneme /i/

Answer 12

11

Question 13

Regarding Morphemes:
The same sounds may have ___
The same meaning may have ___
They may have ___ syllables

Answer 13

1) multiple morphemes
2) different phonetic form (pronunciation)
3) multiple

Question 14

What does “ism” mean

Answer 14

One who follows a doctrine, system or philosophy

Question 15

What are three activities to teach EL’s about English morphemes?

Answer 15

1) Use roots from several words to generate new words
2) Given affixes and prefixes, generate new words and include definition
3) Study product names that use existing morphemes and how they connote the value of the product

Question 16

What other types of “words” are used in English (4)

Answer 16

Clipping (prof)
Acronyms (SCUBA)
Computer/Text abbr. (IMHO, ..)
Blends: smog, blog, brunch

Question 17

How is syntactic knowledge constructed by native speakers?

Answer 17

As children acquire the language

Question 18

What are 4 syntax differences for speakers of Mandarin?

Answer 18

1) Adverb signals tense “Yesterday I see him.”
2) Verbs don’t change for subject-verb agreement “He see me.”
3) Propositional phrase come before the verb “I at home ate”
4) Noun form doesn’t change “They give me three dollar”

Question 19

Grammar rules for verbs are ___ to learn. There are about __ irregular verbs.

Answer 19

easy

50

Question 20

Compare syntax to grammar

Answer 20

Syntax is the internally constructed rules that make sentences whereas grammar examines a sentence for conformance to a standard.

Question 21

What is a good exercise when you notice colloquial phrases?

Answer 21

Have students write down the standard phrase

Question 22

In English, how many words, how many in common usage and how many used by an education person in a week?

Answer 22

2,000,000
200,000
2000

Question 23

What portion of the English language did not originate in English?

Answer 23

2/3

Question 24

Learning connotations, denotations and other shades of meaning is ___

Answer 24

challenging

Question 25

Red –> anger is a ___

Answer 25

connotation

Question 26

What is it called when we move from a casual speaking language to a more formal writing language

Answer 26

a semantic shift

Question 27

What is a good activity for students to learn “shades’ of meaning from similar words?

Answer 27

Have students examine 2 groups of 5-8 synonyms and write a story incorporating the words and report on their meaning

Question 28

For EL’s vocab retention is improved if words from __ __ groups are presented

Answer 28

semantically related

Question 29

What are the 3 major communication skills included in pragmatics?

Answer 29

1) Language for different functions (greeting, informing, demanding, etc.)
2) Language determined by the listener or situation
3) Rules for conversation or narrative

Question 30

What are the language (7) functions Halliday discusses?

Answer 30

1) Instrumental (Getting what you want)
2) Regulatory (Be in charge of a group
3) Informational (Keep records, draw conclusions)
4) Interactional (Work together to plan events/projects
5) Personal (Share thoughts and opinions)
6) Heuristic (Ask questions no one know the answer to)
7) Imagination (Encourage play with words)

Question 31

What is speech register

Answer 31

Denotes the variety of language that takes the “audience” into consideration (gender, age, cultural background)

Question 32

What parts of the classroom interaction pattern can be confusing to EL’s? (3)

Answer 32

1) Turn taking
2) Topic focus / relevance
3) Conversational repair

Question 33

Many EL’s have difficulty with the typical classroom discourse. Typically, what % of the time do teacher talk and what % of the time do they ask a question that requires a quick response?

Answer 33

70%

60%

Question 34

Complete: Nov-verbal communication plays a large role in the ___ message given

Answer 34

emotional

Question 35

What type of non-verbal communication is highly variable and misunderstood?

Answer 35

Eye contact

Question 36

How is time viewed in the US?

Answer 36

As a commodity. Misuse it and earn disapproval

Question 37

What can be done to help with cultures that are not so locked in with appointment time?

Answer 37

Schedule blocks of hours for availability