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Ch3 Flashcards

1
Q

What two activities do cognitive process show promote SL learners to construct and internalize language-using rules and what shift has this caused in contemporary thinking about SLA?

A
  • Problem solving
  • Authentic communication
  • Contemporary thinking about SLA has shifted from “what the teacher does” to “what the learners do”.
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2
Q

Outside of the words, language that engages people includes these 8 things

A

1) Facial expressions
2) Physical gestures
3) Pauses
4) Hesitations
5) Intonation
6) Cadence
7) Inflection
8) High and Low Tonal Sounds

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3
Q

What language grammar has been analyzed for 2300 years

A

Greek and Latin grammar

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4
Q

What is true about copying Greek and Latin grammar for vernacular languages?

A

It isn’t always appropriate

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5
Q

What is the main goal of the historic and still used, Grammar-Transition Methodology?

A

Reading and grammar knowledge

  • Memorize words
  • Correct translations
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6
Q

What are the strengths and weakness of Grammar-Transition Methodology

A
    • Strengths
  • Desired results clearly defined
  • Curriculum can be carefully structured and controlled
    • Weaknesses
  • Few student choices
  • Little contact with actual language speakers
  • Little social context, curiosity, exploration
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7
Q

What was the basis of Structural Linguistics? What two languages would this approach be difficult?

A

The comparison of languages for the purposes of teaching (contrast analysis)
- English and Chinese

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8
Q

What is core of behaviorism?

A

The mind is a blank slate that must be filled

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9
Q

What are 4 teaching methods that have their source in behaviorism?

A
  • Audiolingualism: Oral practice
  • ** Direct Teaching
  • Explicit objectives
  • Sequenced steps / rules
  • Carefully scripted, efficient
  • Regular testing / remediation
  • ** Master Learning
  • Self-paced / monitored DT
    • Total Physical Response TPR
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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of behavioral method of teaching.
** Audioligualism

A
    • Strength:
  • Focus on correct pronunciation
    • Weaknesses
  • Limits exposure to target culture
  • Fails to emphasize self-motivated SLA
  • Puts pressure on classroom and doesn’t enable spontaneous communication
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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of behavioral method of teaching.
** Direct Teaching / Mastery

A
    • Strength
  • Focus on a subset of skills with immediate remediation
    • Weaknesses
  • Students seldom set own goals or pursue interests
  • Little time to explore language creativity
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12
Q

What are the general weaknesses of Behavioral Teaching?

A
  • May work in the short term but reaches a point of diminishing returns
  • Students may not reach “critical literacy” necessary for higher level success in the culture
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13
Q

What is sometimes true about how a student sounds when using Audiolingual Instruction?

A

They sound like they know more than they do

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14
Q

What was the goal of Transformational Grammar (never became popular)

A

Understand and describe the internalized rules around Chomsky’s LAD (Language Acquisition Device)

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15
Q

What two useful ideas of communicative competence did Hymes present?

A

1) The use of language in the social setting is more important than language performance
2) Social structure is an essential element in linguistic interaction

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16
Q

What is currently language teaching being shaped by, taking precedence over teaching?

A

The Cognitive Paradigm

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17
Q

What has emerged as the dominant approach to learning including SLA?

A

Cognitive psychology

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18
Q

According to the cognitive model of SLA put forward by Krashesn’s Monitor Model, SLA structures are acquired in a predictable order if (2 things)

A

1) Student obtains comprehensible input

2) Anxiety is low enough to allow input into their minds

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19
Q

Krashesn’s comprehensible input involves (5 things)

A

1) Predictable elements
2) Shorter sentences
3) More intelligible, well-formed utterances
4) Less subordination
5) More restricted vocabulary/topics with focus on communication

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20
Q

In terms of SLA, how to CUP and SUP differ?

A

CUP (Common Underlying Proficiency) states that a primary language serves as a basis for SLA, while SUP (Separate Underlying Proficiency) state that proficiencies need to be relearned for SLA.

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21
Q

How do BICS and CALP compare in terms of context and how does this affect the time taken for mastery?

A

BICS is “context embedded” while CALP is “context reduced” and may take considerably longer: 5 vs 2 yrs

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22
Q

What is true of many of the skills in CALP

A

They are a refinement of BICS skills

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23
Q

What can be used to introduce more extensive vocabulary and poetry?

A

Place the rhyming patterns of playground chants on wall charts

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24
Q

What may be true about direct learning strategies over time.

A

They may become automated

25
What is true about indirect strategies and give examples (4)
Students are generally aware they use the an indirect learning strategy. - Rehearsal - Retrieval - Cover (create the impression the learner is in control when gaps exist) - Code switching
26
What adapted instruction ideas incorporate indirect strategies?
- Familiarize L2's with language strategies - Practice formulaic expressions to cover most interactions - Code switch (with restraint)
27
What are 3 types of direct strategies incorporated in CALLA and describe each.
- Cognitive: critical thinking, acquiring study skills, etc. - Metacognitive: planning, monitoring, performance evaluation, self-knowledge - Social-affective: manage emotions, self-talk, work with others
28
When is schema building necessary?
When students have little prior knowledge of a topic
29
What do Information-Processing Theories believe about the mind?
It functions similarly to a computer
30
What "takes the stimuli for further processing in Information-Processing Theories?
Perception
31
What do Information-Processing Theories believe about demanding tasks
Only 1 at a time
32
How can teachers do to enhance perception according to Information-Processing Theories
- State purpose of lesson - Arouse curiosity. "What happens if ..." - Vary sensory channels - Use movements, gestures, voice inflection, colored pens
33
How do Information-Processing theories view memory?
Short-Term: (20-30 sec) | Long-Term: Takes effort and strategies can help
34
How do Parallel/Distributed Models of information processing view learning?
The acquisition and strengthening of brain patterns
35
What is Emotional Intelligence?
The capacity for motivating ourselves and managing our emotions well in ourselves and our relationships
36
What is "Emotional Scaffolding"?
When a lesson is designed that involves students personal lives (culture, etc.)
37
What is the brain's primary function?
Learning
38
Many parts of the brain process simultaneously to interact with the environment. What do they process?
Thoughts Emotions Imagination Senses
39
What is true about learning and brain physiology?
Learning engages the entire physiology
40
Are emotions crucial to memory?
Yes
41
Learning involves __ attention and __ perception
focused | peripheral
42
Learning involves __ and __ processes
conscious | unconscious
43
Learning is __ by challenge and __ by threat
enhanced | inhibited
44
There are at least two types of memory. Which one is better?
Spatial is better than rote
45
What type of stress is good for learning?
eustress
46
How do the sides of the function in language?
Left: Listening, talking, reading, understanding Right: Effective communication, understanding the point
47
How is Constructivist Learning described? (offshoot of Cognitivist)
Students are guided to take responsibility for constructing their own knowledge within complex and challenging learning environments
48
What are 4 characteristics of Constructivist Learning? (offshoot of Cognitivist)
- Individually tailored - Students ask, discuss, explain and present - Project based - Teacher is a learner as well
49
What is Communicative Competence?
The aspect that enables speakers to convey and interpret messages and meanings interpersonally within specific contexts
50
What are the 4 components of Communicative Competence?
Grammatical Sociolinguistic Discourse Strategic
51
What common activity is good for developing Communicative Competence?
Role playing
52
Why is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development called "Social Constructivist"?
Learners use their language to help one another make sense of the world
53
What is Vygotsky's sociocultural idea of "Zone of Proximal Development", where he believes learning can take place?
The gap between unassisted and assisted performance.
54
What does Discourse Theory believe to be the key to SLA
Face-to-face interaction
55
According to Discourse Theory, what 4 things produce the interlanguage (intermediate system) that L2 learners use to learn another language?
- L2 Knowledge - L1 Competence - Ability with the functions of language - General world knowledge
56
What does Semiotics study?
The ways humans use signs to make meanings
57
What are the 3 types of signs in Semioatics?
- Symbols: Arbitrary - Icons: Resemble what the represent (A picture of a table) - Indexes: Indicate fact or condition (Thunderclouds represent rain)
58
What does Translanguaging posit regarding learning L2?
L1 and L2 (and L3) are used in a fluid, dynamic and complex interdependence as L2 is learned.

CTEL (13 decks)

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