ch.4

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

the detection of physical energy by sense organs

Question 2

transduction

Answer 2

conversion of stimulus to electrical signal

Question 3

perception

Answer 3

the brains interpretation of raw sensory input

Question 4

sensation allows

Answer 4

us to gather intro from the external world

Question 5

perception allows

Answer 5

us to make sense of that info

Question 6

sensory adaption happens at sensory receptor level

Answer 6

a decrease in the noticeability of stimulus over time ex: get a smelling candle fall scent later doesn’t smell

Question 7

absolute threshold

Answer 7

the smallest amount of a stimulus we can detect at least 50% of the time ex: a watch ticking 20 feet away you can hear

Question 8

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Answer 8

the smallest change we can detect in stimulus strength intro to perception FALSE our perceptual experience is a direct translation of sensory input

Question 9

pupil

Answer 9

hole that allows light into the eye

Question 10

iris

Answer 10

colored part, muscle that controls the pupil

Question 11

cornea

Answer 11

outside covering that helps protect and focus light

Question 12

lens

Answer 12

disc that focuses light on the back of the eye

Question 13

retina

Answer 13

membrane on the back of the eye containing sensory receptors

Question 14

fovea

Answer 14

area on the retina where light is focused

Question 15

optic nerve

Answer 15

transmits visual signals to the rest of the brain

Question 16

why should i care about fovea?

Answer 16

light focuses on the fovea controls how well you see

Question 17

myopia-nearsighted

Answer 17

light focuses too soon

Question 18

hyperopia-farsighted

Answer 18

light focuses too late

Question 19

photoreceptors

Answer 19

visual sensory receptors, located in the retina

Question 20

cones

Answer 20

sense bright light and color

Question 21

rods

Answer 21

sense dim light

Question 22

where are cones concentrated?

Answer 22

concentrated at the fovea, very highly acuity

Question 23

where are rods concentrated?

Answer 23

they are concentrated in the periphery, low acuity

Question 24

Why should I care about rods?

Answer 24

you can use your knowledge of rods to improve your night vision, they get oversaturated in too much light ex: going to bathroom late at night can’t see

Question 25

what do rods and cones connect to

Answer 25

they connect to ganglion cells

Question 26

ganglion cells

Answer 26

carry visual info. from the eye to the brain, form the optic nerve

Question 27

light (sunlight)

Answer 27

has all the wavelengths in it

Question 28

Where are wavelengths absorbed

Answer 28

some by surfaces and others are reflected

Question 29

where do objects get their color

Answer 29

from reflected light

Question 30

subtractive color mixing

Answer 30

mixing pigment absorbs more light (looks darker) paint works this way

Question 31

additive color mixing

Answer 31

mixing colored lights give off more lights (gets brighter) light works this way

Question 32

trichromatic theory of color vision

Answer 32

idea that color vision is based on three primary colors blue, green and red

Question 33

How many cones do we have that respond to blue, green and red

Answer 33

3 cones

Question 34

patterns of activity between different cone types allows

Answer 34

us to see all possible colors

Question 35

color blindness

Answer 35

occurs when one cone is missing, called dichromatic vision

Question 36

statistics of color blindness

Answer 36

5% of men and .25% of women are colorblind

Question 37

opponent process theory of color vision

Answer 37

we perceive things in terms of opponent color pairs, red, green, blue light or dark they inhibit each

Question 38

ganglion cells pool incoming info from cones

Answer 38

send one signal about the color (either red or green etc) to the brain

Question 39

bottom up processing

Answer 39

processing driven primarily by sensory input

Question 40

top down processing

Answer 40

processing driven primarily by concepts beliefs or expectations

Question 41

feature integration theory

Answer 41

objects are made up of features our cells detect separately color, shape etc.

Question 42

what does feature detection involve?

Answer 42

parallel processing, all features can be sensed at once

Question 43

what does feature integration involve?

Answer 43

serial processing, each objects features must be integrated one at a time

Question 44

how does your brain decide what an object is?

Answer 44

gestalt principles of grouping

Question 45

gestalt principles of grouping

Answer 45

cues that help us group features or parts into whole objects

Question 46

proximity

Answer 46

physically close things are grouped

Question 47

similarity

Answer 47

similar things are grouped

Question 48

good continuation

Answer 48

continuous things are grouped

Question 49

closure

Answer 49

gaps in borders are ignored to form a whole

Question 50

symmetry

Answer 50

symmetrical things are grouped

Question 51

figure-ground

Answer 51

foreground is grouped

Question 52

common motion

Answer 52

things that more together are grouped

Question 53

depth perception

Answer 53

ability to see in 3D

Question 54

two kinds of depth perception

Answer 54

monocular cues, binocular cues

Question 55

monocular cues

Answer 55

cues that require input from just one eye

Question 56

binocular cues

Answer 56

cues that require input from both eyes

Question 57

monocular depth cues | -relative size

Answer 57

distant objects look smaller ex: people in pictures who are closer are big

Question 58

monocular depth cues | -texture gradient

Answer 58

texture of distant objects is less | ex: fields of flowers

Question 59

interposition (monocular depth cues)

Answer 59

closer objects block further ones | ex: something blocking legs podium blocking still think she has legs

Question 60

linear prospective (monocular depth cues)

Answer 60

lines coverage over distance

Question 61

height in plane (monocular depth cues)

Answer 61

distant objects appear higher

Question 62

light and shadow (monocular depth cues)

Answer 62

shadows cue 3D shapes ex: light to dark (dark to light holes)

Question 63

motion paralax (monocular depth cues)

Answer 63

further things pass by slower

Question 64

binocular depth cues | -binocular disparity

Answer 64

difference in retinal images, slight difference in the view from each eye

Question 65

binocular convergence | binocular depth cues

Answer 65

difference in visual angle perceptual illusions

Question 66

what is a lot of our perception based on?

Answer 66

a lot of our perception is based on expectations maintaining continuity