Ch.3 - Cellular Level Of Organization Flashcards
What are Germline cells?
Reproductive (sex) cells
Name the male germline cell
Spermatazoan
Name the female germline cell
Ovum
Where are somatic cells found?
In the body
What does analogous mean?
Critical to function
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Organelles and cytosol
Where is the cytoplasm?
Between plasma membrane and nucleus
Another name for cytosol is:
INTRAcellular fluid (inside cell)
Name the Two types of fluid inside cytosol
Intracellular fluid & interstitial fluid
Where is the interstitial fluid?
Outside of cell, similar composition of blood plasma
What is a cation?
Positive charged ion
What’s the name of a negatively charged ion?
Anion
If there’s a higher concentration of Na in the cytosol, what concentration will be in the interstitial fluid? Higher or lower?
Lower
What do nucleic acids do?
Store & Transfer genetic info
Two most important nucleic acids are:
RNA and DNA
What’s the process of turning DNA into RNA to Proteins? (Protein synthesis)
DNA makes mRNA
mRNA leaves nucleus, grabs free ribosome OR a fixed ribosome on ER
Proteins from free ribosomes = released into cytosol, proteins from fixed ribosomes = fold
Folded proteins go through RER & to Golgi
Go into Golgi through cis face
Goes through Golgi & outside trans face as lysosomes, secretory, or membrane renewal
what are the types of vesicles produced from proteins that are released by the Golgi’s maturing trans face
Lysosomes, membrane renewal, or secretory
What do secretory vesicles do?
Bind with plasma membrane and release their contents outside of cell by exocytosis
What do membrane renewal vesicles do?
Add new lipids and proteins to the membrane
What regulates gene expression?
Signaling pathways
What is translation?
Genetic info inside mRNA is made into protein (amino acid chain)
What is transcription?
Strand of DNA copied to mRNA
What is primary function of mitochondria?
Make ATP (cellular respiration)
Options for proteins to go from trans face of Golgi made from free ribosomes:
Released in cytosol, mitochondria, or nucleus
What are requirements of making ATP?
O2 and glucose
Products of making ATP:
CO2, H2O, and heat
What is lumen?
Enclosed space/cavity
What’s inside the lumen of ER?
Proteins
Functions of ER
Synthesis: proteins, carbs, and lipids
Storage
Transport
Detoxify
What does rough ER do?
Makes proteins
What does smooth ER do?
Makes lipids and glycogen, can’t make proteins
What does Golgi do?
Modifies & packages proteins, sorts them depending on their destination
UPS of cell
What do primary lysosomes do when they leave Golgi?
Stay in the cytosol with their digestive enzymes
Function of lysosomes
Break down damaged organelles and material taken from outside cell by endocytosis
Taking in good stuff from outside cell
Kind of like a cleaning lady of cell
What is endocytosis?
Lysosomes pull in stuff from outside and surround it by vesicles
What is exocytosis?
When a lysosome breaks down a damaged organelle, it sends the bad stuff out through the plasma membrane
Function of peroxisomes
Breaks down long chain fatty acids & some amino acids
Product of peroxisomes
Hydrogen peroxide
Function of cytoskeleton
Cell shape
Supports plasma membrane
Holds in place: Golgi, mitochondria, & nucleus
Mediates movement inside cytoplasm
Two fundamental classes of cells?
Germline and Somatic
