Ch.3 - Cellular Level Of Organization

Question 1

What are Germline cells?

Answer 1

Reproductive (sex) cells

Question 2

Name the male germline cell

Answer 2

Spermatazoan

Question 3

Name the female germline cell

Answer 3

Ovum

Question 4

Where are somatic cells found?

Answer 4

In the body

Question 5

What does analogous mean?

Answer 5

Critical to function

Question 6

What does the cytoplasm contain?

Answer 6

Organelles and cytosol

Question 7

Where is the cytoplasm?

Answer 7

Between plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 8

Another name for cytosol is:

Answer 8

INTRAcellular fluid (inside cell)

Question 9

Name the Two types of fluid inside cytosol

Answer 9

Intracellular fluid & interstitial fluid

Question 10

Where is the interstitial fluid?

Answer 10

Outside of cell, similar composition of blood plasma

Question 11

What is a cation?

Answer 11

Positive charged ion

Question 12

What’s the name of a negatively charged ion?

Answer 12

Anion

Question 13

If there’s a higher concentration of Na in the cytosol, what concentration will be in the interstitial fluid? Higher or lower?

Answer 13

Lower

Question 14

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 14

Store & Transfer genetic info

Question 15

Two most important nucleic acids are:

Answer 15

RNA and DNA

Question 16

What’s the process of turning DNA into RNA to Proteins? (Protein synthesis)

Answer 16

DNA makes mRNA
mRNA leaves nucleus, grabs free ribosome OR a fixed ribosome on ER
Proteins from free ribosomes = released into cytosol, proteins from fixed ribosomes = fold
Folded proteins go through RER & to Golgi
Go into Golgi through cis face
Goes through Golgi & outside trans face as lysosomes, secretory, or membrane renewal

Question 17

what are the types of vesicles produced from proteins that are released by the Golgi’s maturing trans face

Answer 17

Lysosomes, membrane renewal, or secretory

Question 18

What do secretory vesicles do?

Answer 18

Bind with plasma membrane and release their contents outside of cell by exocytosis

Question 19

What do membrane renewal vesicles do?

Answer 19

Add new lipids and proteins to the membrane

Question 20

What regulates gene expression?

Answer 20

Signaling pathways

Question 21

What is translation?

Answer 21

Genetic info inside mRNA is made into protein (amino acid chain)

Question 22

What is transcription?

Answer 22

Strand of DNA copied to mRNA

Question 23

What is primary function of mitochondria?

Answer 23

Make ATP (cellular respiration)

Question 24

Options for proteins to go from trans face of Golgi made from free ribosomes:

Answer 24

Released in cytosol, mitochondria, or nucleus

Question 25

What are requirements of making ATP?

Answer 25

O2 and glucose

Question 26

Products of making ATP:

Answer 26

CO2, H2O, and heat

Question 27

What is lumen?

Answer 27

Enclosed space/cavity

Question 28

What's inside the lumen of ER?

Answer 28

Proteins

Question 29

Functions of ER

Answer 29

Synthesis: proteins, carbs, and lipids Storage Transport Detoxify

Question 30

What does rough ER do?

Answer 30

Makes proteins

Question 31

What does smooth ER do?

Answer 31

Makes lipids and glycogen, can't make proteins

Question 32

What does Golgi do?

Answer 32

Modifies & packages proteins, sorts them depending on their destination UPS of cell

Question 33

What do primary lysosomes do when they leave Golgi?

Answer 33

Stay in the cytosol with their digestive enzymes

Question 34

Function of lysosomes

Answer 34

Break down damaged organelles and material taken from outside cell by endocytosis Taking in good stuff from outside cell Kind of like a cleaning lady of cell

Question 35

What is endocytosis?

Answer 35

Lysosomes pull in stuff from outside and surround it by vesicles

Question 36

What is exocytosis?

Answer 36

When a lysosome breaks down a damaged organelle, it sends the bad stuff out through the plasma membrane

Question 37

Function of peroxisomes

Answer 37

Breaks down long chain fatty acids & some amino acids

Question 38

Product of peroxisomes

Answer 38

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 39

Function of cytoskeleton

Answer 39

Cell shape Supports plasma membrane Holds in place: Golgi, mitochondria, & nucleus Mediates movement inside cytoplasm

Question 40

Two fundamental classes of cells?

Answer 40

Germline and Somatic