Ch.3 Cell Anatomy and Division

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

membrane enclosed sac containing smaller subunits that provide most of the functions

Question 2

Plasma membrane (4)

Answer 2

• outer boundary which envelopes the cell
• regulates movement of materials in and out of cell
• 45% lipid, 50% protein, 5% carbohydrate
• lipids bilayer, with peripheral proteins attached and integral proteins extending through membrane

Question 3

Cytoplasm (4)

Answer 3

• consists of organelles and cytosol
• mixture of water, salts, and organic molecules
• region between plasma membrane and nucleus
• functions: cellular metabolism, maintains the cell

Question 4

Nucleus (4)

Answer 4

• stores genetic information (DNA), which regulates protein synthesis and cell division
• contains RNA
• composed of double membrane and contains nucleic acids
• located in center of cell

Question 5

Cytosol (3)

Answer 5

• gel-like fluid made up of mostly water and proteins
• surrounds organelles
• transports substances between organelles and other cell structures

Question 6

Organelles (3)

Answer 6

• formed bodies
• found in cytosol
• helps maintain cell

Question 7

Centrioles (3)

Answer 7

• made up of several microtubules, forming a cylinder
• inside a centrosome near the nucleus
• participate in cell division

Question 8

Cilia (3)

Answer 8

• long, slender projections on the surface of the plasma membrane
• extend outward
• move fluids

Question 9

Microvilli (3)

Answer 9

• tiny folds of the plasma membrane that increase surface area of the cell
• extend outward
• increase plasma membrane surface area for absorption and secretion

Question 10

Ribosomes (3)

Answer 10

• small, spherical structures made of 60% RNA and 40% protein
• attached to ER or unattached in the cytoplasm
• provide attachment site for mRNA during protein synthesis

Question 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) (3)

Answer 11

• branching tubules with attached ribosomes
• extend between nucleus and plasma membrane
• site of protein synthesis

Question 12

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) (3)

Answer 12

• branching tubules without ribosomes
• winds throughout the cytoplasm
• site of lipid and carbohydrate assembly

Question 13

Golgi apparatus (3)

Answer 13

• series of flattened, disc-shaped sacs
• found near nucleus with secretory vesicles near the plasma membrane
• prepares and packages cellular products for transport

Question 14

Mitochondria (3)

Answer 14

• spherical shaped with inner folded membrane
• random throughout cytoplasm
• where nutrients are broken down and ATP is produced during cellular respiration

Question 15

Lysosomes (3)

Answer 15

• small, spherical
• random throughout cytoplasm
• contain enzymes that breakdown materials brought into the cell, or release enzymes out of the cell to digest

Question 16

Nuclear envelope (3)

Answer 16

• double membrane with large nuclear pores
• surround nucleoplasm
• regulates movement of materials between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Question 17

Nucleoplasm (3)

Answer 17

• gel-like fluid made of water, nucleic acids, and proteins
• found within nuclear envelope
• site of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Question 18

Nucleoli or Nucleolus (3)

Answer 18

• small spheres containing RNA and proteins
• grouped in an area of nucleoplasm
• site of RNA synthesis

Question 19

Chromatin (3)

Answer 19

• threadlike materials made of DNA and proteins
• found throughout nucleoplasm
• DNA contains the genes, which control protein synthesis

Question 20

Tissues (2)

Answer 20

• made of identical cells

- four basic types in the body

Question 21

Organs

Answer 21

made of two or more types of tissue

Question 22

Systems

Answer 22

group of organs with related functions

Question 23

Somatic cell division (2)

Answer 23

• healthy cells divide to form two identical daughter cells

- helps with body growth, replacement of older cells, and repairing of injured parts of the body

Question 24

Cell cycle

Answer 24

involves three stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Question 25

Interphase (3)

Answer 25

• consists of three subphrases: G1, S, and G2
• cell is carrying out its functions and growing large
• replication of DNA as it prepares to divide

Question 26

First growth (G1) phase (2)

Answer 26

• cell grows larger

- carries out cellular functions

Question 27

Synthesis (S) phase (3)

Answer 27

• DNA is replicated
• sister chromatids are formed
• organelles increase in number

Question 28

Second growth (G2) phase (4)

Answer 28

• cell grows larger
• prepares to divide
• duplication of chromosomes
• continues to carry out cellular functions

Question 29

Mitosis (nuclear division) (3)

Answer 29

• consists of 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• sequence of changes that the nucleus and its DNA undergo in preparation for cell division
• equal division of DNA

Question 30

Cytokinesis (4)

Answer 30

• physical division of cell following division of DNA
• two identical daughter cells form
• division of cytoplasm
• each daughter cell enters interphase and the process begins again

Question 31

Prophase (4)

Answer 31

• chromatin condenses into sister chromatids, connected by a centromere
• sister chromatids are the result of DNA replication
• nuclear envelope begins break down
• spindle fibers appear

Question 32

Metaphase (3)

Answer 32

• nuclear envelope is gone
• centromere of each sister chromatid attached to spindle fibers
• sister chromatids line up along equator of cell

Question 33

Anaphase (2)

Answer 33

• sister chromatids separate at centromere to produce individual chromosomes
• chromosomes begin to migrate to the poles

Question 34

Telophase (3)

Answer 34

• chromosomes reach poles
• spindle fibers disappear
• nuclei begin to reform

Question 35

Interphase (4)

Answer 35

• cell carries out its functions
• DNA is diffused (chromatin)
• no chromosomes are visible
• cell replicates DNA and organelles as it prepares to enter mitosis