Ch.1 Body Organization and Organ Systems Flashcards
Coronal or frontal plane
- vertical plane
- divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Sagittal plane
- vertical plane
- divides body into right and left sections
Transverse or horizontal plane
- horizontal plane
- divides body into upper and lower sections
Mid-sagittal line
- line through umbilicus
- divides body into equal right and left halves
Oblique plane
- diagonal plane
- divides body at an angle
Anatomical position
- standing upright
- eyes gazing forward
- arms straight
- arms down at sides
- palms facing forward
- fingers extended
- legs slightly apart
- feel flat
- toes pointing forward
Longitudinal section
slice made parallel to the long axis of the structure
Cross-section
slice made at right angles to the long axis of a structure
Superior
above, toward the top
Cranial
toward the head
Inferior
below, toward the bottom
Caudal
toward the feet
Medial
toward the middle
Lateral
toward the side
Anterior
toward front side
Ventral
toward belly side
Posterior
toward back side
Dorsal
toward vertebral side
Proximal
nearer to the trunk (a limb) or the point of origin (an organ)
Distal
further from the trunk (a limb) or the point of origin (an organ)
Superficial
towards the surface of the body
ex. muscles are superficial to the skeleton
Deep
further away from the surface
ex. muscles are deep to the skin
Eye socket
orbital
Ear
otic
Nose
nasal
Cheek
buccal
Mouth
oral
Chin
mental
Breast bone
sternal
Underarm
axillary
Arm
brachial
Breast
mammary
Front of elbow
antecubital
Navel
umbilical
Forearm
antebrachial
Wrist
carpal
Palm
palmar
Fingers
phalanges or digits
Thigh
femoral
Kneecap
patellar
Hip
coxal
Leg
crural
Ankle
tarsal
Toes
phalanges or digits
Head
cephalic
Skull
cranial
Face
facial
Neck
cervical
Chest
thoracic
Abdomen
abdominal
Pelvis
pelvic
Trunk
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Groin
inguinal
Genitals
pubic
Foot
pedal
Base of skull
occipital
Shoulder
acromial
Shoulder blade
scapular
Back
dorsum
Back bone
vertebral
Back of elbow
olecranal
Low back
lumbar
Between hips
sacral
Hand
manus
Fingers
phalanges
Buttocks
gluteal
Thigh
femoral
Back of knee
popliteal
Calf
sural
Sole
plantar
Arm (region)
upper extremity
Leg (region)
lower extremity
Heel
calcaneal
Open cavities
- open to the external environment
- can be entered without cutting
- lined by an epithelium
- ex. oral cavity, inside stomach, inside lungs, inside bladder
Closed cavities
- entered only by cutting through a membrane
- ex. thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity (cut though serous membrane)
- ex. cranial cavity, spinal cavity (cut through meninges)
Viscera
internal organs located in one of the closed cavities
Dorsal body cavities
- cranial cavity
- spinal cavity
Cranial cavity
- contains brain
- protected by meninges
Spinal cavity
- contains spinal cord
- protected by meninges
Ventral body cavities
- thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
Pleural cavity
- in the thoracic cavity
- each cavity contains one lung
- encased by pleura
Mediastinum
- center of thoracic cavity
- contains all organs between lungs, sternum, and vertebral column
Pericardial cavity
- in the thoracic cavity
- inside the mediastinum
- contains heart
- encased by pericardium
Abdominal cavity
- in the abdominopelvic cavity
- contains digestive organs
- encased by peritoneum
Pelvic cavity
- in the abdominopelvic cavity
- contains the bladder and reproductive organs
- encased by peritoneum
Diaphragm
separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Serous membranes in ventral body cavities
- thoracic cavity: pleura and pericardium
- abdominopelvic cavity: peritoneum
Pleura
- in thoracic cavity
- encases the lungs
- parietal layer: lines thoracic cavity
- visceral layer: lies directly on surface of lungs
Pericardium
- in thoracic cavity
- encases the heart
- parietal layer: forms tough outer sac, also called pericardial sac
- visceral layer: fused directly to surface of heart, also called epicardium
Peritoneum
- in abdominopelvic cavity
- encases the abdominal and pelvic organs
- visceral layer: lies directly on the surface of the internal organs
- mesentary: folds of peritoneum, suspends and attached organs to body wall
- parietal layer: lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
Serous fluid
slippery fluid that reduces friction generated by organ movement
Clinical divisions
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
Right hypochondriac
- region lying under the costal cartilage
- liver
Epigastric
- lies superior to the stomach
- liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas
Left hypochondriac
- region lying under the costal cartilage
- spleen, stomach, pancreas
Right lumbar (loin)
- region between ribs and pelvic bones
- ascending colon
Umbilical
- lies over the umbilicus (navel)
- small intestines, transverse colon
Left lumbar (loin)
- region between ribs and pelvic bones
- small intestines, descending colon
Right inguinal
- inguinal (groin) region
- cecum
Hypogastric
- lies inferior to the stomach
- appendix, urinary bladder, rectum, small intestines
Left inguinal
- inguinal (groin) region
- sigmoid colon
Organ
structure composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
Systems
organs grouped together by functions
Integumentary system
- skin
- protective barrier for underlying structures
- prevents fluid loss
- temperature regulation
- sensation
Skeletal system
- bone, joint
- supports and protects body parts
- stores minerals
- produces blood cells
- allows for movement (with muscles)
Muscular system
- skeletal muscle
- body movement
- produces heat
Nervous system
- brain, spinal cord, nerves
- monitors changes in the environment
- receives information
- interprets information
- initiates responses
