Ch. 8 Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Axial skeleton (3)

Answer 1

• 80 bones that make up midline of the body
• support and protect the organs of the head, neck, chest, and pelvis
• provide attachment sites for the muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk

Question 2

Appendicular skeleton (2)

Answer 2

• 126 bones that make up the extremities

- attach the extremities to the trunk

Question 3

Bones of the axial skeleton (4)

Answer 3

• skull (cranium and facial bones)
• hyoid bone
• vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, scrum, and coccyx)
• rib cage (sternum and ribs)

Question 4

Cranium bones

Answer 4

house and protect the brain

Question 5

Facial bones

Answer 5

attachment sites for the muscles of chewing and facial expressions

Question 6

Hyoid bone

Answer 6

• does not articulate with any other bones of the skeleton

- attachment site for the muscles of the tongue and throat

Question 7

Paranasal sinuses (4)

Answer 7

• air-filled cavities within frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and maxillary bone
• lined by mucous membrane
• connect directly with nasal cavity
• echo chambers in the production of speech

Question 8

Vertebral column (5)

Answer 8

• vertical series of bones stacked on each other
• protects the spinal cord
• serves as an attachment site for the back muscles
• superior end: articulates with occipital bone
• distal end: sacrum articulates with pelvic bones

Question 9

Cervical vertebrae (2)

Answer 9

• 7 vertebrae

- form neck region

Question 10

Atlas (C1) (3)

Answer 10

• 1st cervical vertebra
• articulates with occipital condyles of the skull
• allows up and down movement of the skull

Question 11

Axis (C2) (2)

Answer 11

• 2nd cervical vertebra

- allows left and right rotation of the atlas and skull

Question 12

Thoracic vertebrae (3)

Answer 12

• 12 vertebrae
• form chest region
• articulate with the ribs to form rib cage

Question 13

Intervertebral disc (2)

Answer 13

• composed of fibrocartilage

- shock absorber between vertebrae

Question 14

Lumbar vertebrae (2)

Answer 14

• 5 vertebrae

- form the lower back region

Question 15

Sacrum (2)

Answer 15

• 5 fused vertebrae

- articulates with pelvic bones to form pelvic girdle

Question 16

Coccyx (3)

Answer 16

• 3-4 rudimentary vertebrae
• fused together
• also called tailbone

Question 17

Pedicle of vertebra (2)

Answer 17

• anterior portion of vertebral arch

- between body and transverse process

Question 18

Lamina of vertebra (2)

Answer 18

• posterior portion of vertebral arch

- between spinous process and transverse process

Question 19

Vertebral arch (2)

Answer 19

• “sides” of the vertebra

- formed by fusion of pedicle and lamina

Question 20

Spinous process of vertebra (3)

Answer 20

• single posterior projection
• backbone of vertebrae
• attachment point for tendons and ligaments

Question 21

Body of vertebra (3)

Answer 21

• centrally located
• round in outline
• site of attachment of intervertebral discs

Question 22

Vertebral foramen (2)

Answer 22

• opening formed by body and vertebral arch

- houses spinal cord

Question 23

Transverse process (2)

Answer 23

• each vertebra has a left and right lateral projection

- attachment point for tendons and ligaments

Question 24

Superior articular facet (2)

Answer 24

• each vertebra has a left and right facet

- articulates with inferior articular facet of vertebra above it

Question 25

Superior costal facet (thoracic vertebra) (2)

Answer 25

• superior lateral side of body

- articulates with head of ribs

Question 26

Transverse costal facet (thoracic vertebra) (2)

Answer 26

• transverse process

- articulates with tubercle of ribs

Question 27

Inferior costal facet (thoracic vertebra) (2)

Answer 27

• inferior lateral side of the body

- articles with head of ribs

Question 28

Intervertebral notch (lumbar vertebra) (3)

Answer 28

• found on all vertebrae
• below pedicle
• nerves and blood vessels to and from spinal cord pass through these spaces

Question 29

Inferior articular facet (lumbar vertebra) (2)

Answer 29

• found on all vertebrae

- articulates with superior facet of the vertebra below it

Question 30

Rib cage bones

Answer 30

articulate with one another to form a flexible, protective cage around the organs of the thoracic cavity

Question 31

Rib cage structures (4)

Answer 31

• thoracic vertebrae
• ribs
• sternum
• costal cartilages

Question 32

Ribs 1-7 (2)

Answer 32

• connect to sternum via costal cartilages

- true ribs or vertebrosternal ribs

Question 33

Ribs 8-10 (2)

Answer 33

• connect to sternum via shared cartilage

- false ribs

Question 34

Ribs 11-12 (3)

Answer 34

• do not connect to sternum
• part of false ribs
• floating ribs

Question 35

Sternum (3)

Answer 35

• flat bone
• forms interior midline of the rib cage
• breast bone

Question 36

Fetal skull (2)

Answer 36

• flexible connective tissue

- fontanelles: anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal

Question 37

Fontanelles (2)

Answer 37

• where multiple bones meet

- largest areas of connective tissue