ch.16- Social Psychology Flashcards
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for an observer, when interpreting and explaining the behavior of another person (the actor), to underestimate the situation and to overestimate the personal disposition.
central route to persuasion
This method focuses on facts and the content of the message in order to convince the listener
peripheral route to persuasion
occurs when someone evaluates a message, such as an advertisement, on the basis of physical attractiveness, background music, or other surface-level characteristics rather than the actual content of the message.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendancy for people to comply with some large request after first agreeing to a small request.
conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
group polarization
when a group has to deal with a situation, the group as a whole typically has some overriding attitude toward the situation which over time and with group discussion strengthens
deindividuation
people in groups tend to lose some of their own self-awareness and self-restraint when in groups. They become less of an individual and more anonymous.
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to put less effort into the task when the effort is pooled (when they are all supposed to work on the task) compared to when they are all responsible for their own contributions.
prejudice is an attitude whereas discrimination is a behavior
difference between prejudice and discrimination
groupthink
people within a group become so consumed with the group, maintaining group cohesiveness, and doing what is important for the group that they themselves lose their ability to think independently and make good, sound judgments.
scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one’ own race more accurately than faces of other races. mer
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increase liking of them
alruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them
social exchange theory
theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
