ch.16- Social Psychology

Question 1

attribution theory

Answer 1

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 2

fundamental attribution error

Answer 2

the tendency for an observer, when interpreting and explaining the behavior of another person (the actor), to underestimate the situation and to overestimate the personal disposition.

Question 3

central route to persuasion

Answer 3

This method focuses on facts and the content of the message in order to convince the listener

Question 4

peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 4

occurs when someone evaluates a message, such as an advertisement, on the basis of physical attractiveness, background music, or other surface-level characteristics rather than the actual content of the message.

Question 5

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 5

the tendancy for people to comply with some large request after first agreeing to a small request.

Question 6

conformity

Answer 6

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 7

normative social influence

Answer 7

person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 8

informational social influence

Answer 8

one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 9

social facilitation

Answer 9

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Question 10

group polarization

Answer 10

when a group has to deal with a situation, the group as a whole typically has some overriding attitude toward the situation which over time and with group discussion strengthens

Question 11

deindividuation

Answer 11

people in groups tend to lose some of their own self-awareness and self-restraint when in groups. They become less of an individual and more anonymous.

Question 12

social loafing

Answer 12

the tendency for people in a group to put less effort into the task when the effort is pooled (when they are all supposed to work on the task) compared to when they are all responsible for their own contributions.

Question 13

prejudice is an attitude whereas discrimination is a behavior

Answer 13

difference between prejudice and discrimination

Question 14

groupthink

Answer 14

people within a group become so consumed with the group, maintaining group cohesiveness, and doing what is important for the group that they themselves lose their ability to think independently and make good, sound judgments.

Question 15

scapegoat theory

Answer 15

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 16

other-race effect

Answer 16

the tendency to recall faces of one’ own race more accurately than faces of other races. mer

Question 17

mere exposure effect

Answer 17

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increase liking of them

Question 18

alruism

Answer 18

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 19

bystander effect

Answer 19

the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 20

self-disclosure

Answer 20

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 21

mirror-image perceptions

Answer 21

mutual views often held by conflicting people

Question 22

social trap

Answer 22

a situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 23

social-responsibility norm

Answer 23

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Question 24

reciprocity norm

Answer 24

an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them

Question 25

social exchange theory

Answer 25

theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 26

superordinate goals

Answer 26

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 27

GRIT

Answer 27

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions