Ch.1-3 Organic Chemisty Basics and Carbohydrates

Question 0

How many and what types of bonds can carbon form

Answer 0

4 covalent bonds

Can be single double or triple

Question 1

How many valence electrons does carbon have

Answer 1

4

Question 2

Describe the carbon chains

Answer 2

Straight, branched, or rings

Vary in length, number, location of double bonds, and the presence of other elements

Question 3

Carbon can form isomers

What does this mean and name a few

Answer 3

Same chemical formula - different structure

Glucose fructose and galactose

Question 4

Name the functional groups

Answer 4

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydral
Phosphate
Methyl

Question 5

Properties and formula of hydroxyl

Answer 5

Polar
Water soluble
Alcohol

C-OH

Question 6

Properties and formula of carbonyl

Answer 6

Polar
Water soluble

C double bond O

Question 7

What two forms can a carbonyl be

Answer 7

Ketone

Aldehyde

Question 8

What is the ketone

Answer 8

When carbon double bond oxygen is in the middle of the structure

Question 9

What is aldehyde

Answer 9

When carbon double bond oxygen is on the end of the structure

Question 10

What are the properties and formula for carboxyl

Answer 10

Polar
Water soluble
Acidic

COOH

Question 11

What are the properties and formula for amino

Answer 11

Polar
Water soluble
Form weak bonds

N bonded to H

Question 12

What are the properties and formula for sulfhydral

what it forms and where found

Answer 12

Forms disulfide bridge
Found in stabilizing protein shape

SH

Question 13

What are the properties and formula for Phosphate

Answer 13

Polar
water soluble
acidic

P double bond O

Question 14

Properties and formula for methyl

Where is it normally

Answer 14

Nonpolar
Not water soluble
On lipids

C with 3 H
Usually at end of carbon chain

Question 15

What are carbohydrates

Answer 15

Polymers of simple sugars

Question 16

How are carbohydrates classified

Answer 16

According to number of sugars

Question 17

Describe the sugars
( # of carbons )
( structure )

Answer 17

3-7 carbons
OH attached to each carbon except one
Aldehydes or Ketones

Question 18

Does glucose contain an aldehyde or ketone

Answer for galactose and fructose also

Answer 18

Glucose - aldehyde

Fructose - keytone

Galactose - aldehyde

Question 19

What are monosaccharides
What are they monomers of
Where do they store energy

Answer 19

Simple sugars
Monomers of di and polysaccharides
Store energy in chemical bonds

Question 20

What are the three categories of monosaccharides

Answer 20

Trioses
Pentose
Hexose

Question 21

What is a triose
What is it also considered
Give an example

Answer 21

3 carbon sugar
Intermediate
Glycerahdehyde

Question 22

What is a pentose
What is found in
Name examples

Answer 22

5 carbon sugar
DNA and RNA
Ribose
Deoxyribose

Question 23

What is a hexose
What is it responsible for
Name examples

Answer 23

6 carbon sugar
Cellular Response
Glucose
Fructose

Question 24

What are disaccharides

Answer 24

Double sugars

Question 25

The removal of a water molecule to form bonds between monomers

Answer 25

Condensation synthesis or dehydration synthesis

Question 26

Glucose + Fructose

Answer 26

Sucrose (table sugar) + water

Question 27

Glucose + Glucose

Answer 27

Maltose ( sugar in brewing) + water

Question 28

Glucose + Galactose

Answer 28

Lactose (sugar in mammal milk) + water

Question 29

What are polysaccharides

Answer 29

Many monosaccharides covalently bonded together (3 or more)

Question 30

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 30

Storage and Structural

Question 31

What is the polysaccharide Starch responsible for

Answer 31

Storage carb in plants

Question 32

What is the polysaccharide glycogen responsible for

Answer 32

Storage carb in animals

Question 33

What is the polysaccharide Cellulose responsible for

Answer 33

Plant cell wall component

Question 34

What is the polysaccharide Chitin responsible for

Answer 34

Polymer of amino sugar | Building block of exoskeletons

Question 35

Describe Starch ( polymer of ) ( structure )

Answer 35

``` Polymer of alpha glucose Branched structure Alpha 1-4 linkages - means all structurally the same OH points down ```

Question 36

Describe Cellulose (Polymer of) (Structure)

Answer 36

Polymer of Beta glucose Linear unbranched structure Beta 1-4 linkages - OH alternates up and down

Question 37

What is different about cellulose to animals

Answer 37

Most animals lack the enzyme Cellulase to break it down

Question 38

Large molecule that consists of many subunits called monomers

Answer 38

Polymer

Question 39

Identical or similar subunits of a polymer

Answer 39

Monomer

Question 40

Process of linking monomers to form a polymer

Answer 40

Polymerization

Question 41

Loss of a water molecule between two monomers to form a covalent bond between the monomers

Answer 41

Condensation synthesis

Question 42

Breaking the covalent bond between monomers by adding a water molecule

Answer 42

Hydrolysis

Question 43

Dehydration synthesis AKA

Answer 43

Condensation synthesis

Question 44

Products contain a water molecule

Answer 44

Condensation synthesis

Question 45

Reactants contain a water molecule

Answer 45

Hydrolysis

Question 46

Occurs for protein, carbohydrate or lipid synthesis

Answer 46

Condensation synthesis

Question 47

Digestion of proteins, carbohydrate, or lipids

Answer 47

Hydrolysis

Question 48

What is a glycosidic linkage

Answer 48

Oxygen bonded two times with two different molecules \ / O