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A.P. Biology > Ch.1-3 Organic Chemisty Basics and Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Ch.1-3 Organic Chemisty Basics and Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

How many and what types of bonds can carbon form

A

4 covalent bonds

Can be single double or triple

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1
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have

A

4

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2
Q

Describe the carbon chains

A

Straight, branched, or rings

Vary in length, number, location of double bonds, and the presence of other elements

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3
Q

Carbon can form isomers

What does this mean and name a few

A

Same chemical formula - different structure

Glucose fructose and galactose

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4
Q

Name the functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydral
Phosphate
Methyl
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5
Q

Properties and formula of hydroxyl

A

Polar
Water soluble
Alcohol

C-OH

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6
Q

Properties and formula of carbonyl

A

Polar
Water soluble

C double bond O

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7
Q

What two forms can a carbonyl be

A

Ketone

Aldehyde

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8
Q

What is the ketone

A

When carbon double bond oxygen is in the middle of the structure

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9
Q

What is aldehyde

A

When carbon double bond oxygen is on the end of the structure

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10
Q

What are the properties and formula for carboxyl

A

Polar
Water soluble
Acidic

COOH

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11
Q

What are the properties and formula for amino

A

Polar
Water soluble
Form weak bonds

N bonded to H

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12
Q

What are the properties and formula for sulfhydral

what it forms and where found

A

Forms disulfide bridge
Found in stabilizing protein shape

SH

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13
Q

What are the properties and formula for Phosphate

A

Polar
water soluble
acidic

P double bond O

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14
Q

Properties and formula for methyl

Where is it normally

A

Nonpolar
Not water soluble
On lipids

C with 3 H
Usually at end of carbon chain

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Polymers of simple sugars

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16
Q

How are carbohydrates classified

A

According to number of sugars

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17
Q

Describe the sugars
( # of carbons )
( structure )

A

3-7 carbons
OH attached to each carbon except one
Aldehydes or Ketones

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18
Q

Does glucose contain an aldehyde or ketone

Answer for galactose and fructose also

A

Glucose - aldehyde

Fructose - keytone

Galactose - aldehyde

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19
Q

What are monosaccharides
What are they monomers of
Where do they store energy

A

Simple sugars
Monomers of di and polysaccharides
Store energy in chemical bonds

20
Q

What are the three categories of monosaccharides

A

Trioses
Pentose
Hexose

21
Q

What is a triose
What is it also considered
Give an example

A

3 carbon sugar
Intermediate
Glycerahdehyde

22
Q

What is a pentose
What is found in
Name examples

A

5 carbon sugar
DNA and RNA
Ribose
Deoxyribose

23
Q

What is a hexose
What is it responsible for
Name examples

A

6 carbon sugar
Cellular Response
Glucose
Fructose

24
Q

What are disaccharides

A

Double sugars

25
Q

The removal of a water molecule to form bonds between monomers

A

Condensation synthesis or dehydration synthesis

26
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose (table sugar) + water

27
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose ( sugar in brewing) + water

28
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose (sugar in mammal milk) + water

29
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides covalently bonded together (3 or more)

30
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Storage and Structural

31
Q

What is the polysaccharide Starch responsible for

A

Storage carb in plants

32
Q

What is the polysaccharide glycogen responsible for

A

Storage carb in animals

33
Q

What is the polysaccharide Cellulose responsible for

A

Plant cell wall component

34
Q

What is the polysaccharide Chitin responsible for

A

Polymer of amino sugar

Building block of exoskeletons

35
Q

Describe Starch
( polymer of )
( structure )

A 
Polymer of alpha glucose
Branched structure
Alpha 1-4 linkages
  - means all structurally the same
    OH points down
36
Q

Describe Cellulose
(Polymer of)
(Structure)

A

Polymer of Beta glucose
Linear unbranched structure
Beta 1-4 linkages
- OH alternates up and down

37
Q

What is different about cellulose to animals

A

Most animals lack the enzyme Cellulase to break it down

38
Q

Large molecule that consists of many subunits called monomers

39
Q

Identical or similar subunits of a polymer

40
Q

Process of linking monomers to form a polymer

A

Polymerization

41
Q

Loss of a water molecule between two monomers to form a covalent bond between the monomers

A

Condensation synthesis

42
Q

Breaking the covalent bond between monomers by adding a water molecule

A

Hydrolysis

43
Q

Dehydration synthesis AKA

A

Condensation synthesis

44
Q

Products contain a water molecule

A

Condensation synthesis

45
Q

Reactants contain a water molecule

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

Occurs for protein, carbohydrate or lipid synthesis

A

Condensation synthesis

47
Q

Digestion of proteins, carbohydrate, or lipids

A

Hydrolysis

48
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage

A

Oxygen bonded two times with two different molecules

\ /
O

A.P. Biology (12 decks)

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