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A.P. Biology > Ch 39 Ecology (Behavior) > Flashcards

Ch 39 Ecology (Behavior) Flashcards

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0
Q

Integrates proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior

A

Behavioral ecology

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1
Q

What are the four questions that Niko Tinbergen identified should be asked about animal behavior

A

What stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response ?
How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

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2
Q

Addresses “how” a behavior occurs or is modified.

A

Proximate causation

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3
Q

Addresses “why” a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection

A

Ultimate causation

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4
Q

What stimulus elicits the behavior and what mechanisms mediate the response?

How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?

A

Proximate causation

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5
Q

How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

A

Ultimate causation

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6
Q

A sequence of unlearned innate behavior that is unchangeable

A

Fixed action pattern

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7
Q

What happens when a fixed action pattern is initiated?

A

It is usually carried to completion

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8
Q

How is a fixed action pattern usually triggered

A

By an external cue known as a sign stimulus

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9
Q

Give an example of a fixed action pattern

A

Tinbergen observed male stickleback fish who attack when the stimulus of a red underside is present.
As long as some red is present, the fish attack even when presented with unrealistic models

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10
Q

A regular, long distance change in location

A

Migration

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11
Q

How do animals orient themselves when it comes to migration

A

Position of the sun and their circadian clock
Position of sun or stars
Earth’s magnetic field

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12
Q

An internal 24-hr activity rhythm or cycle

A

Circadian clock

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13
Q

What are behaviors that are influenced by a circannual rhythm (changing seasons)

A

Migration

Reproduction

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14
Q

What are common seasonal cues

A

Daylight

Darkness

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15
Q

Affect tidal movements

Some behaviors are linked to this also

A

Lunar cycles

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16
Q

A behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

A

Signal

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17
Q

Transmission and reception of signals

A

Communication

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18
Q

How do animal’s communicate

A

Using visual
Chemical
Tactile
And auditory signals

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19
Q

What three step stimulus response chain does fruit fly courtship follow

A

Visual
Tactile
Auditory communication

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20
Q

Chemical substances emitted through odors

A

Pheromones

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21
Q

What type of communication does nocturnal animals rely on

A

Olfactory and auditory

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22
Q

What type of communication does diurnal animal’s rely on

A

Visual and auditory

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23
Q

Developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals

A

Innate behavior

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24
Q

Places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species

A

Cross-fostering study

25
Q

Allow researchers to compare the relative influence of genetics and environment on behavior in humans

A

Twin studies

26
Q

Helps to identify the contribution of environment to an animal’s behavior

A

Cross fostering study

27
Q

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences

A

Learning

28
Q

The establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual

A

Imprinting

29
Q

A specific time in which imprinting can only occur

A

Sensitive period

30
Q

A limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned

A

Sensitive period

31
Q

Who experimented on baby geese when it came to

Imprinting

A

Konrad Lorenz

32
Q

The establishment of a memory that reflects the spatial structure of the environment

A

Spatial learning

33
Q

An internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings

A

Cognitive map

34
Q

Animal’s associate one feature of their environment with another

A

Associative learning

35
Q

Process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

A

Cognition

36
Q

The process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

A

Problem solving

37
Q

Learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

A

Social learning

38
Q

A system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

A

Culture

39
Q

What can culture alter

A

Behavior and influence the fitness of individuals

40
Q

What does behavior enhance in a population

A

Survival and reproductive success

41
Q

A behavior essential for survival and reproduction that includes recognizing, capturing, and eating food items

A

Foraging

42
Q

Refines behavior that enhances the efficiency of feeding

A

Natural selection

43
Q

What does natural selection favor and depend on

A

Favors different alleles depending on the density of the population

44
Q

Includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates, competing for mates, and caring for offspring

A

Mating behavior

45
Q

One male mates with one female

A

Monogamous relationship

46
Q

Significance of males and females in monogamous mating relationships

A

Look very similar

47
Q

Individual of one sex mates with several of the other

A

Polygamous

48
Q

In polygamous mating systems makes and females are usually

A

Sexually dimorphic

49
Q

One male mates with many females

Makes more showy and larger than females

A

Polygynous

50
Q

One female mates with many males

The females are often more showy than the males

A

Polyandrous

51
Q

When the young need continuous supply of food

How does make maximize his reproductive success

A

Staying with his mate and caring for his young (monogamy)

52
Q

When young can soon feed and care for themselves

How does make maximize reproductive success

A

By seeking additional mates (polygyny)

53
Q

Influences parental care and mating behavior

A

Certainty of paternity

54
Q

What is the paternal certainty in species with internal fertilization

A

Paternal certainty is low because mating and birth are separated over time

55
Q

How is parental care in external fertilization

A

Just as likely to be by males as by females

56
Q

Results from sexual selection, a form of natural selection

A

Sexual dimorphism

57
Q

Members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traita

A

Intersexual selection

58
Q

Involves competition between members of the same sex for mates

A

Intrasexual selection

59
Q

Type of intersexual selection

A

Courtship

60
Q

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

A

Inclusive fitness

61
Q

Three key variables in an altruistic act

A

Benefit the recipient
Cost the altruist
Coefficient of relatedness

A.P. Biology (12 decks)

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